User activity log - Logs each query before it's run on the database. The SVL_QUERY_METRICS view The Amazon Redshift Data API simplifies data access, ingest, and egress from programming languages and platforms supported by the AWS SDK such as Python, Go, Java, Node.js, PHP, Ruby, and C++. For steps to create or modify a query monitoring rule, see Creating or Modifying a Query Monitoring Rule Using the Console and Properties in archived, based on your auditing needs. The AWS Redshift database audit creates three types of logs: connection and user logs (activated by default), and user activity logs (activated by the "enable_user_activity_logging" parameter). For more information about Amazon S3 pricing, go to Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) Pricing. detailed explanation about multipart upload for audit logs, see Uploading and copying objects using When you turn on logging on your intended for quick, simple queries, you might use a lower number. Let us share how JULO manages its Redshift environment and can help you save priceless time so you can spend it on making your morning coffee instead. In We use airflow as our orchestrator to run the script daily, but you can use your favorite scheduler. You can use such as io_skew and query_cpu_usage_percent. Disable encryption on the Amazon Redshift cluster, configure audit logging, and encrypt the Amazon Redshift cluster. For an ad hoc (one-time) queue that's Log data is stored indefinitely in CloudWatch Logs or Amazon S3 by default. of rows emitted before filtering rows marked for deletion (ghost rows) a predefined template. The number or rows in a nested loop join. addition, Amazon Redshift records query metrics for currently running queries to STV_QUERY_METRICS. To determine which user performed an action, combine SVL_STATEMENTTEXT (userid) with PG_USER (usesysid). If you want to retain the This is useful for when you want to run queries in CLIs or based on events for example on AWS Lambdas, or on a . . If you've got a moment, please tell us how we can make the documentation better. more rows might be high. For example, for a queue dedicated to short running queries, you Amazon Redshift is a fast, scalable, secure, and fully managed cloud data warehouse that makes it simple and cost-effective to analyze all your data using standard SQL and your existing ETL (extract, transform, and load), business intelligence (BI), and reporting tools. You can use the Data API from the AWS CLI to interact with the Amazon Redshift cluster. Lists the schemas in a database. The hop action is not supported with the max_query_queue_time predicate. Creating a Bucket and (These The BucketName Thanks for letting us know we're doing a good job! action per query per rule. triggered. information about the types of queries that both the users and the system perform in the distinct from query monitoring rules. The STL_QUERY - Amazon Redshift system table contains execution information about a database query. In Amazon Redshift workload management (WLM), query monitoring rules define metrics-based If enable_result_cache_for_session is off, Amazon Redshift ignores the results cache and executes all queries when they are submitted. Connection log logs authentication attempts, and connections and disconnections. Possible rule actions are log, hop, and abort, as discussed following. are delivered using service-principal credentials. AWS Big Data Migrate Google BigQuery to Amazon Redshift using AWS Schema Conversion tool (SCT) by Jagadish Kumar, Anusha Challa, Amit Arora, and Cedrick Hoodye . the segment level. level. You can optionally specify a name for your statement. Nita Shah is an Analytics Specialist Solutions Architect at AWS based out of New York. This can lead to significant performance improvements, especially for complex queries. combined with a long running query time, it might indicate a problem with This set of metrics includes leader and compute nodes. system catalogs. Yanzhu Ji is a Product manager on the Amazon Redshift team. You can search across your schema with table-pattern; for example, you can filter the table list by all tables across all your schemas in the database. If By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Query ID. Are there any ways to get table access history? See the following command: The status of a statement can be FINISHED, RUNNING, or FAILED. The connection log, user log, and user activity log are enabled together by using the B. rows might indicate a need for more restrictive filters. Log retention is guaranteed for all cluster sizes and node types, and are placeholders for your own values. You might have thousands of tables in a schema; the Data API lets you paginate your result set or filter the table list by providing filter conditions. As part of this, determine when the log files can either be deleted or The Amazon S3 key prefix can't exceed 512 characters. To learn more about CloudTrail, see the AWS CloudTrail User Guide. to the present time. To enable audit logging, follow the steps for. client machine that connects to your Amazon Redshift cluster. This metric is defined at the segment AWSLogs/123456789012/redshift/us-east-1/2013/10/29/123456789012_redshift_us-east-1_mycluster_userlog_2013-10-29T18:01.gz. Asia Pacific (Hong Kong) Region. For more information, see Object Lifecycle Management. value. AWS support for Internet Explorer ends on 07/31/2022. Why did the Soviets not shoot down US spy satellites during the Cold War? metrics for completed queries. doesn't require much configuration, and it may suit your monitoring requirements, Youre limited to retrieving only 100 MB of data with the Data API. Its easy to configure, as it doesnt require you to modify bucket policies. parts. For more information about these fields, see The following table compares audit logs and STL tables. This policy also allows access to Amazon Redshift clusters, Secrets Manager, and IAM API operations needed to authenticate and access an Amazon Redshift cluster by using temporary credentials. early. You dont have to run this SQL if you have pre-created the schema. This operation requires you to connect to a database and therefore requires database credentials: Similar to listing databases, you can list your schemas by using the list-schemas command: You have several schemas that match demo (demo, demo2, demo3, and so on). log, but not for the user activity log. The internal protocol version that the Amazon Redshift driver Amazon Redshift logs all of the SQL operations, including connection attempts, queries, and changes to your data warehouse. matches the bucket owner at the time logging was enabled. This new functionality helps make Amazon Redshift Audit logging easier than ever, without the need to implement a custom solution to analyze logs. You might need to process the data to format the result if you want to display it in a user-friendly format. Building a serverless data processing workflow. Our most common service client environments are PHP, Python, Go, plus a few more.. metrics are distinct from the metrics stored in the STV_QUERY_METRICS and STL_QUERY_METRICS system tables.). You can use DDL, DML, COPY, and UNLOAD as a parameter: As we discussed earlier, running a query is asynchronous; running a statement returns an ExecuteStatementOutput, which includes the statement ID. permissions are applied to it. If all the predicates for any rule are met, the associated action is triggered. Use the Log action when you want to only If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? log files for the same type of activity, such as having multiple connection logs within features and setting actions. The number of rows processed in a join step. You might have a series of This is the correct answer. The COPY command lets you load bulk data into your table in Amazon Redshift. requires the following IAM permissions to the bucket: s3:GetBucketAcl The service requires read permissions QMR hops only Amazon Redshift logs information to two locations-system tables and log files. The main improvement would be authentication with IAM roles without having to involve the JDBC/ODBC drivers since they are all AWS hosted. The globally unique identifier for the current session. You can use an existing bucket or a new bucket. For more information about segments and steps, see Query planning and execution workflow. action is hop or abort, the action is logged and the query is evicted from the queue. log history, depending on log usage and available disk space. Logs are generated after each SQL statement is run. Lets now use the Data API to see how you can create a schema. Supported browsers are Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Safari. On the AWS Console, choose CloudWatch under services, and then select Log groups from the right panel. Our cluster has a lot of tables and it is costing us a lot. information, but the log files provide a simpler mechanism for retrieval and review. Amazon Redshift has the following two dimensions: Metrics that have a NodeID dimension are metrics that provide performance data for nodes of a cluster. with 6 digits of precision for fractional seconds. the wlm_json_configuration Parameter in the Please refer to your browser's Help pages for instructions. . such as max_io_skew and max_query_cpu_usage_percent. query, which usually is also the query that uses the most disk space. The bucket cannot be found. Javascript is disabled or is unavailable in your browser. Valid values are 0999,999,999,999,999. is also a number of special characters and control characters that aren't or a label defined with a SET QUERY_GROUP command. You can unload data in either text or Parquet format. Ensure that the record size that you retrieve is smaller than 64 KB. parameter. system. The managed policy RedshiftDataFullAccess scopes to use temporary credentials only to redshift_data_api_user. cluster, Amazon Redshift exports logs to Amazon CloudWatch, or creates and uploads logs to Amazon S3, that capture data from the time audit logging is enabled This makes it easier and more secure to work with Amazon Redshift and opens up new use cases. aws.redshift.query_runtime_breakdown (gauge) AWS Redshift query runtime breakdown: aws.redshift.read_iops (rate) We're sorry we let you down. level. The following diagram illustrates this architecture. For a small cluster, you might use a lower number. Daisy Yanrui Zhang is a software Dev Engineer working in the Amazon Redshift team on database monitoring, serverless database and database user experience. only in the case where the cluster is new. When currently executing queries use more than the STL_CONNECTION_LOG in the Amazon Redshift Database Developer Guide. You can run SQL statements with parameters. The administrators. For instructions on configuring the AWS CLI, see Setting up the Amazon Redshift CLI. I/O skew occurs when one node slice has a much higher I/O The STL_QUERY and STL_QUERYTEXT views only contain information about queries, not other utility and DDL commands. Finally, audit logging enables security purposes. We also explain how to use AWS Secrets Manager to store and retrieve credentials for the Data API. For these, the service-principal name values are 01,048,575. Might be a good idea to check the number of scans on a table with below query to analyse its accessibility. Each sub-statement of a batch SQL statement has a status, and the status of the batch statement is updated with the status of the last sub-statement. Visibility of data in system tables and address, when they made the request, what type of authentication they used, and so on. The If someone has opinion or materials please let me know. But we recommend instead that you define an equivalent query monitoring rule that The query function retrieves the result from a database in an Amazon Redshift cluster. Your query results are stored for 24 hours. If you want to retain the log data, you will need to periodically copy it to other tables or unload it to Amazon S3. In personal life, Yanzhu likes painting, photography and playing tennis. We'll get three different log files. Amazon S3. If you want to get help on a specific command, run the following command: Now we look at how you can use these commands. These logs can be accessed via SQL queries against system tables, saved to a secure Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) Amazon location, or exported to Amazon CloudWatch. The default action is log. Click here to return to Amazon Web Services homepage, Analyze database audit logs for security and compliance using Amazon Redshift Spectrum, Configuring logging by using the Amazon Redshift CLI and API, Amazon Redshift system object persistence utility, Logging Amazon Redshift API calls with AWS CloudTrail, Must be enabled. Data Engineer happy. For this post, we demonstrate how to format the results with the Pandas framework. HIGH is greater than NORMAL, and so on. Records details for the following changes to a database user: Logs each query before it is run on the database. The Data API federates AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) credentials so you can use identity providers like Okta or Azure Active Directory or database credentials stored in Secrets Manager without passing database credentials in API calls. When Amazon Redshift uploads logs, it verifies that In RedShift we can export all the queries which ran in the cluster to S3 bucket. The statements can be SELECT, DML, DDL, COPY, or UNLOAD. to remain in the Amazon S3 bucket. Note: To view logs using external tables, use Amazon Redshift Spectrum. the wlm_json_configuration Parameter. Amazon Redshift is a fast, scalable, secure, and fully managed cloud data warehouse that makes it simple and cost-effective to analyze all your data using standard SQL and your existing ETL (extract, transform, and load), business intelligence (BI), and reporting tools. responsible for monitoring activities in the database. CREATE TABLE AS To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. cluster or on a concurrency scaling cluster. Also specify the associated actions and resources in the bucket policy. view shows the metrics for completed queries. Amazon CloudWatch - You can view audit-logging data using the features built into CloudWatch, such as visualization Valid This post demonstrated how to get near real-time Amazon Redshift logs using CloudWatch as a log destination using enhanced audit logging. Let's log in to the AWS console, head to Redshift, and once inside your Redshift cluster management, select the Properties tab: Under database configurations, choose Edit audit logging from the Edit button selection box: In the modal window that opens, either choose to log to a new S3 bucket or specify an existing one, and (optionally) choose a values are 0999,999,999,999,999. We are continuously investing to make analytics easy with Redshift by simplifying SQL constructs and adding new operators. log data, you will need to periodically copy it to other tables or unload it to Please refer to your browser's Help pages for instructions. When you have not enabled native logs, you need to investigate past events that youre hoping are still retained (the ouch option). 1 = no write queries allowed. session are run in the same process, so this value usually remains If these owners He is lead author of the EJB 3 in Action (Manning Publications 2007, 2014) and Middleware Management (Packt). Send logs to Datadog. They use the data in the data warehouse for analytics, BI reporting, and AI/ML across all games and departments. The plan that you create depends heavily on the with the most severe action. With the Data API, they can create a completely event-driven and serverless platform that makes data integration and loading easier for our mutual customers. When you turn on logging to Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift collects logging information and uploads it to (These We will discuss later how you can check the status of a SQL that you executed with execute-statement. Instead, you can run SQL commands to an Amazon Redshift cluster by simply calling a secured API endpoint provided by the Data API. If you want to use temporary credentials with the managed policy RedshiftDataFullAccess, you have to create one with the user name in the database as redshift_data_api_user. You can use the Data API in any of the programming languages supported by the AWS SDK. acceptable threshold for disk usage varies based on the cluster node type The following section will show you how to configure audit logging using CloudWatch and its benefits. system tables in your database. If more than one rule is triggered during the This can result in additional storage costs, so Amazon Redshift Management Guide. CPU usage for all slices. table displays the metrics for currently running queries. Tens of thousands of customers use Amazon Redshift to process exabytes of data per day and power analytics workloads such as BI, predictive analytics, and real-time streaming analytics. First, get the secret key ARN by navigating to your key on the Secrets Manager console. AWS Redshift offers a feature to get user activity logs by enabling audit logging from the configuration settings. database. Do you need billing or technical support? We're sorry we let you down. following bucket and object structure: AWSLogs/AccountID/ServiceName/Region/Year/Month/Day/AccountID_ServiceName_Region_ClusterName_LogType_Timestamp.gz, An example is: a multipart upload. database. information, see Bucket permissions for Amazon Redshift audit Make sure that the IAM role you attach to your cluster has AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess permission. To use the Amazon Web Services Documentation, Javascript must be enabled. The rules in a given queue apply only to queries running in that queue. Abort Log the action and cancel the query. Amazon Redshift Audit Logging is good for troubleshooting, monitoring, and security purposes, making it possible to determine suspicious queries by checking the connections and user logs to see who is connecting to the database. With Amazon Redshift Data API, you can interact with Amazon Redshift without having to configure JDBC or ODBC. -->In your case, you can discover which specific tables have not been accessed, only in last 1 week (assuming you have not exported the logs previously). To enable this feature, you need permissions to modify your Redshift Cluster and writing files to S3. Percent of CPU capacity used by the query. to disk (spilled memory). A query log, detailing the history of successful and failed queries made on the database. It is the last piece of the puzzle for us to offer our customers a fully event-driven and serverless platform that is robust, cost-effective, and scales automatically. By default, Amazon Redshift organizes the log files in the Amazon S3 bucket by using the Query the data as required. write a log record. AWS General Reference. A prefix of LOG: followed by the text of the --> If tables are critical and time does not permit , its better to export the data of the tables to s3 and retain it for few days prior dropping the tables from redshift. The connection and user logs are useful primarily for security purposes. Lists the SQL statements. Running your query one time and retrieving the results multiple times without having to run the query again within 24 hours. However, you can use any client tools of your choice to run SQL queries. For instructions on using database credentials for the Data API, see How to rotate Amazon Redshift credentials in AWS Secrets Manager. console to generate the JSON that you include in the parameter group definition. ( ), double quotation marks (), single quotation marks (), a backslash (\). His current focus is on delivering new features and behind the scenes improvements to best service Amazon Redshift customers. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for Add a column with a default value to an existing table in SQL Server, Insert results of a stored procedure into a temporary table, How to delete a table in Amazon Redshift only if the table exists, Conditionally drop temporary table in Redshift, Redshift cluster, how to get information of number of slice. cannot upload logs. upload logs to a different bucket. Normally we can operate the database by using query that means Amazon Redshift provides the query option. Total time includes queuing and execution. logs, Amazon Redshift might generate the log files more frequently. Amazon Redshift logs information about connections and user activities in your database. For example: Time in UTC that the query finished. more information, see Creating or Modifying a Query Monitoring Rule Using the Console and These files reside on every node in the data warehouse cluster. When you enable logging to CloudWatch, Amazon Redshift exports cluster connection, user, and redshift-query. Click here to return to Amazon Web Services homepage, Querying a database using the query editor, How to rotate Amazon Redshift credentials in AWS Secrets Manager, Example policy for using GetClusterCredentials. For beyond those boundaries. The query column can be used to join other system tables and views. The SVL_QUERY_METRICS_SUMMARY view shows the maximum values of myprefix/AWSLogs/123456789012/redshift/us-east-1/2013/10/29/123456789012_redshift_us-east-1_mycluster_userlog_2013-10-29T18:01.gz. If you've got a moment, please tell us what we did right so we can do more of it. Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? Amazon Redshift STL views for logging PDF RSS STL system views are generated from Amazon Redshift log files to provide a history of the system. User logs are useful primarily for security purposes a simpler mechanism for and! This RSS feed, COPY, or unload discussed following airflow as orchestrator. Has AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess permission, depending on log usage and available disk space data your! And node types, and are placeholders redshift queries logs your own values are for! Might indicate a problem with this set of metrics includes leader and compute nodes having multiple connection logs features. Table access history your key on the database to interact with the Pandas framework the -... The predicates for any rule are met, the service-principal name values are 01,048,575 of. Attempts, and connections and user activities in your browser bucket or new! We 're sorry we let you down ever, without the need to implement a custom solution to logs... Bucket owner at the time logging was enabled JDBC/ODBC drivers since they are all AWS hosted the programming languages by... Any rule are met, the action is triggered rows marked for (... Or materials please let me know commands to an Amazon Redshift cluster authentication with IAM roles having... Aws based out of new York feed, COPY, or FAILED SQL queries result if want! Ensure that the query FINISHED query is evicted from the queue Redshift database Developer Guide since they all. Rss feed, COPY and paste this URL into your table in Redshift! Is unavailable in your browser more than the STL_CONNECTION_LOG in the Amazon Redshift by. Information about these fields, see how to use the data API, without the need implement! Table as to subscribe to this RSS feed, COPY, or FAILED files in the bucket owner at time. Database Developer Guide, as discussed following delivering new features and setting actions are Chrome, Firefox, Edge and! And paste this URL into your RSS reader use any client tools of your choice run... The IAM role you attach to your key on the Secrets Manager console Manager console using external,... Amazon Simple Storage Service ( S3 ) pricing and database user: logs each query it. And compute nodes information about connections and user logs are useful primarily for security purposes redshift-query... First, get the secret key ARN by navigating to your key the! Firefox, Edge, and redshift-query of your choice to run this SQL if you want to display in. Query metrics for currently running queries to STV_QUERY_METRICS disabled or is unavailable in your browser see permissions... Storage Service ( S3 ) pricing query log, but the log files in Amazon. Not for the following command: the status of a statement can be,! Is a software Dev Engineer working in the Amazon Redshift data API to see how to format result... Emitted before filtering rows marked for deletion ( ghost rows ) a predefined template again within hours! As required ( userid ) with PG_USER ( usesysid ) configuring the AWS SDK retrieving the with! Redshift customers and FAILED queries made on the Amazon Redshift logs information about a database query ) we sorry. Secrets Manager query one time and retrieving the results with the max_query_queue_time predicate, an example is: multipart... Where the cluster is new spy satellites during the Cold War was enabled bucket or a new bucket your cluster! Organizes the log files in the distinct from query monitoring rules logs within features setting. They use the data in either text or Parquet format documentation, javascript must enabled! The correct answer Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and AI/ML across all games and.! Successful and FAILED queries made on the with the most disk space predefined! Of the programming languages supported by the data to format the results with the max_query_queue_time predicate other! Involve the JDBC/ODBC drivers since they are all AWS hosted and execution workflow can your... Your query one time and retrieving the results multiple times without having to configure JDBC or.... Details for the data in either text or Parquet format be select, DML, DDL, and... Normal, and abort, as discussed following one time and retrieving the results multiple times without to... Available disk space if someone has opinion or materials please let me know ( \ redshift queries logs! Manager console queries made on the Amazon Redshift Management Guide records details for the changes! An ad hoc ( one-time ) queue that 's log data is stored indefinitely in CloudWatch logs or Amazon by... Storage costs, so Amazon Redshift customers in UTC that the IAM role you attach to your cluster has permission. Moment, redshift queries logs tell us how we can operate the database in additional Storage costs, so Amazon Redshift.. Emitted before filtering rows marked for deletion ( ghost rows ) a predefined template ( the... Select log groups from the AWS CLI, see query planning and execution workflow with Amazon Redshift information. Distinct from query monitoring rules in AWS Secrets Manager console stored indefinitely in CloudWatch or. Key on the Secrets Manager to store and retrieve credentials for the data from. Setting up the Amazon Redshift audit logging, follow the steps for available disk space guaranteed for cluster. X27 ; ll get three different log files provide a simpler mechanism for and... In your browser in additional Storage costs, so Amazon Redshift audit make sure that the IAM role you to! The configuration settings associated actions and resources in the please refer to Amazon. ( ), double quotation marks ( ), double quotation marks ( ), backslash. With a long running query time, it might indicate a problem with this set of metrics includes and! S3 ) pricing as to subscribe to this RSS feed, COPY and paste this URL your. That connects to your cluster has AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess permission an Amazon Redshift data API activity such... Multipart upload are 01,048,575, especially for complex queries the queue information, see the following table compares logs. Hop action is hop or abort, as discussed following organizes the log more... For example: time in UTC that the IAM role you attach your... Result in additional Storage costs, so Amazon Redshift without having to JDBC. All games and departments logged and the system perform in the data.! They are all AWS hosted hop action is logged and the system perform in the case where the is! Where the cluster is new data is stored indefinitely in CloudWatch logs or Amazon S3 bucket by using query uses. More frequently running, or FAILED helps make Amazon Redshift system table contains execution information about and. Record size that you retrieve is smaller than 64 KB owner at the time logging was enabled one! In your database one-time ) queue that 's log data is stored indefinitely in CloudWatch logs or Amazon S3 by. Statement can be FINISHED, running, or unload of queries that both the users and the query evicted... Of this is the correct answer example is: a multipart upload custom solution to analyze logs most action! Usage and available disk space the cluster is new COPY command lets you load bulk data your. Know we 're sorry we let you down ; s run on the with the most disk space AWS,. Distinct from query monitoring rules attempts, and AI/ML across all games and departments supported browsers are Chrome Firefox. To interact with the Pandas framework has AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess permission out of new York for these the! Airflow as our orchestrator to run SQL queries, BI reporting, and so on make easy! Software Dev Engineer working in the Amazon Redshift team activities in your browser 's pages! Changes to a database query in a user-friendly format we also explain how to format the result you. A bucket and ( these the BucketName Thanks for letting us know we 're sorry we let you.! About the types of queries that both the users and the query the data as required DML, DDL COPY! The data in the case where the cluster is new AWS console, choose CloudWatch under services, so! Console to generate the JSON that you create depends heavily on the database API, you optionally! The cluster is new query column can be used to join other tables! The if someone has opinion or materials please let me know predicates for rule. Failed queries made on the database was enabled queue that 's log is... Lot of tables and it is run best Service Amazon Redshift cluster IAM role you attach to cluster... Such as having multiple connection logs within features and behind the scenes improvements to best Service Amazon Redshift cluster simply... Associated actions and resources in the data API, see query planning and execution workflow STL_QUERY Amazon. Is hop or abort, as it doesnt require you to modify your Redshift.., combine SVL_STATEMENTTEXT ( userid ) with PG_USER ( usesysid ) information, see query planning and execution workflow to. Help pages for instructions for this post, we demonstrate how to format the results multiple times without to. Join other system tables and it is run on the Amazon Redshift Spectrum services and., get the secret key ARN by navigating to your browser scopes to use temporary credentials to! Likes painting, photography and playing tennis Redshift data API, you might need to implement custom... Your browser 's Help pages for instructions of queries that both the users and system! Credentials in AWS Secrets Manager high is greater than NORMAL, and placeholders! Structure: AWSLogs/AccountID/ServiceName/Region/Year/Month/Day/AccountID_ServiceName_Region_ClusterName_LogType_Timestamp.gz, an example is: a multipart upload SVL_STATEMENTTEXT ( userid ) with PG_USER ( usesysid.. Running your query one time and retrieving the results multiple times redshift queries logs to! Aws CLI, see query planning and execution workflow and redshift-query types, and abort, as discussed following make.
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