According to the responsible party model, responsible parties perform which of the following actions? The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional right to use ones own personal funds in that individuals campaign with the decision, One result of the Supreme Courts affirmation that "issue ads" constitute free speech has resulted in. These contradictory views of civil society show that the link between civil society and democratization is not well understood. Coffee Shop For Sale Orange County, Higher wealth throughout the population gives . Democratization theorists of the period understandably focused on explaining these transitions. Calls to Reform Democratic Nomination Process Have Roots in 1968 Convention. Nigerian Women 50 years After Independence. Since 1976, both parties have held their first presidential nominating contests in Iowa, and the Iowa state legislature passed a law saying that its caucuses need to be held at least eight days before any other nominating contest. Institutional arrangements play an important role in shaping the prospects for both democratic transitions and consolidation. Most analysts agree that the third wave has crested if not reversed. \text { AMS website } & 236 \\ According to this approach, democratization is ultimately explained by elites decision to establish institutions that generate incentives for them to voluntarily comply with the democratic process. The party's Presidential nominee announces his or her choice for Vice President. This limits the utility of democratization as an analytical tool. Political Action Committees (PACs) mobilize group support for candidates. The important function(s) political parties provide in American politics include which of the following? C. prohibits national party organizations from accepting any soft money contributions. \text{Retained Earnings} & 290,000 & 90,000\\ C. blanket. democratization, process through which a political regime becomes democratic. Negative campaigning seems to be the most successful when. Logistics Business For Sale Near Hamburg, According to Article 61 of the constitution, candidate to be elected as the president, require a majority with more than 50 percent of votes . This move democratized the nomination process, taking it away from the control of party leaders," he added. Consequence on electorate: lack of moderate members and lower . A. Primaries B. Registrations C. EndorsementsD. The reforms adopted by the party began a process by which both major parties have democratized the way they select their nominees. 29. Primary elections that only allow a partys registered voters access to the ballot are considered. A. liberal, conservative B. conservative, liberal C. active, passive D. passive, active, Party activists often become candidates themselves for all the following reasons EXCEPT. In bottom-up transitions, social groups develop a broad-based grassroots movement for change that weakens the authoritarian regime through mass protests and ultimately forces the regime to relinquish power. a. Corrections? Candidates can either choose to solicit votes through the media or conduct a grassroots campaign, but never both. There is broad agreement that, although a countrys level of economic development may not explain the timing of a democratic transition, it does determine the prospects for consolidation once democracy is established. Proponents of structural explanations pointed to the difficulty faced by democracy-promotion efforts in places like Bosnia, Iraq, and Afghanistan, as well as the failure of many third-wave democracies to consolidate, as evidence that democratization requires more than elite consent. John Burgess, a prominent Progressive political scientist, wrote that the purpose of the state is the "perfection of humanity, the civilization of the world; the perfect development of the human . \hline \text { AMS email/text offer } & 70 \\ The 21st Century dawned on a very different presidency than the one created at the end of the 1700s. C. a rise in candidate-centered elections. According to the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development's Policy Report on Gender and Development: 10 Years After Beijing, the transfer of government power, resources, and responsibilities to locally elected bodies opens new opportunities for women in politics.Decentralization brings government closer to women, lowers barriers to political entry, and thus, in theory . \hline \text { Yes } & 40 \\ even while creating alliances with democratized . Candidate nomination, intra-party democracy, and election violence in Africa: . The process by which presidential candidates are chosen is theoretically impoverished and clearly producing bad nominees. They point to the wave of democratic transitions in poor countries around the world during the 1980s and 90s, as well as the persistence of wealthy authoritarian regimes in countries like China and Saudi Arabia, as evidence that wealth is neither necessary nor sufficient for democratization to occur. They are the emergence of reformers, acquiring powers, failure of liberalization, backward legitimacy and co-opting opposition. Onomatopoeic Word For Closing A Door, The convention remained the main way of selecting candidates until 1972, when new . 1 that is fair, open and transparent, and which promotes participation of choice from . B. the inability of nonprofit 527 organizations to air television ads until Election Day. Disagreements about definitions of democracy also make it difficult to measure where a country is in its democratization process. These transitions often result in a radical break with the old regime. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A goal of a political party is to achieve power by running candidates who win public office in elections. Party activists tend to be staunch conservative or liberal ideologues. Current political and economic issues succinctly explained. Instead, it is a jumbled contrivance, pieced together by. https://www.britannica.com/topic/democratization. This collection of values and attitudes is often referred to as a civic culture. Organizations like the Ku Klux Klan demonstrate that citizen associations do not always involve people in harmless efforts and that group involvement does not always cut across existing social cleavages. . Rather, the conditions and strategies that facilitate a successful democratization process tend to vary by region as a result of a number of historical and contextual factors that shape perceptions of power relations and levels of uncertainty during the transition period. Democratization is difficult to define in practice, in large part because of disagreements about how to understand democracy. Participatory design. These transitions tend to occur relatively rapidly and result in power-sharing arrangements that preserve elements of the old authoritarian regime. Expert Answer Solution :- The correct answer is (C) The selective perception of most View the full answer Transcribed image text: The selective perception of most voters means that they A make rational choices about the purposive benefits to themselves of voting for a particular candidate. Critics of the Clinton administration's China policy argue that, despite two decades of market reforms, the Chinese political system has not only remained repressive and undemocratic but has . Situations where a voter casts his or her vote for a Democrat in one race and a Republican in another is called, The important function(s) political parties provide in American politics include which of the following? \text { Rarely } & 179 \\ However, there is disagreement on why this tends to be the case. B. varies depending on a states economy and demographics. Party identification has been declining because. One common argument is that parliamentary systems are better able to manage political conflict by allowing representatives of a broader spectrum of society to participate in government institutions as well as by reducing the incentives and capacity for chief executives to circumvent or suspend democratic procedures. The power structure of American political parties is. Those involved in a partys organization include all of the following EXCEPT, Republican party activists tend to be more ______ than the general public, and Democratic party activists tend to be more ________ than the general public. The transition process is oriented around the undermining of an authoritarian regime and the emergence of nascent democratic institutions and procedures. The increased influence of the media and single-issue interest groups in the electoral process has contributed to. The mass media influence the campaign process. a political community capable of transforming dependent, private individuals into free citizens and partial and private interests into public goods. Their political development has meant greater swings of political opinion from one election to the next in Korea, starting with the creation of a merged conservative party in the early 1990s, through the election of major opposition figure Kim Dae Jung only a few years later. \text { No } & 156 \\ IGNORANCE AND REALITY. Another is when one political group agrees to give up power to the former opposition, because this indicates a willingness by incumbents to settle disputes through the democratic process and to spend periods of time out of office. Professional media campaigns are predominately used in statewide races to. \text { Would Consider Discounted Trial Offer } & \text { Frequency } \\ They see actors as forward-looking and only marginally affected by historical legacies. D. American political parties have no way to bind their elected officials to party positions. Hence The Economist (2011) opines that in Nigeria, results of elections come in two separate columns. \text { Enhanced } & 254 \\ For example, highly institutionalized political parties allow authoritarian leaders to maintain a cohesive coalition that is able to suppress advocates of democratic governance by managing elite conflicts through party mechanisms. In addition, better-educated people are more likely to hold values in keeping with democracy. In some countries, democracy evolved gradually over centuries (e.g., Great Britain), whereas in others it emerged much more rapidly (e.g., the Baltic states). A similar argument is that experience with capitalism promotes democratization as economic freedom creates pressures for political freedom. B. closed. Critics of the Clinton administration's China policy argue that, despite two decades of market reforms, the Chinese political system has not only remained repressive and undemocratic but has . Numerous such modes of transition have been identified, reflecting variations in the role of elites and masses in confronting the authoritarian regime, the degree to which the transition is managed by elites from the old regime, the speed with which the transition occurs, and the degree to which the new democratic regime breaks dramatically with the old regime. Read CFR's latest backgrounder on the U.S. presidential nomination process, updated for the 2020 . \hline The German and US development organizations evaluate the Peruvian democratization process through the identification and explanation of problems and positive developments.3 Drawing on the writing of ancient philosophers and our nation's founders, Mezey sends a strong message: that too much democratization of the nominating process and of the media might not be so beneficial as some . As the presidential nomination process has become more front-loaded and the New Hampshire primary has been scheduled earlier in the calendar year, a new period in presidential campaign politics . The success of democracy over time increases levels of democratic attitudes and values as a rational, learned response to the experience of living under a stable democratic regime. Party identification has been declining because. State party affairs are governed largely by the A. elected executive officials of the state. As the reverse waves of democratization suggest, a transition does not always lead to consolidation. \text{Notes Payable} & 150,000 & 80,000\\ A. Primaries B. Registrations C. Endorsements D. Conventions A Primary elections that only allow a partys registered voters access to the ballot are considered A. open. B. closed. D. given Democrats control in all states. The responsible party model rests on the premise that parties offer clear policy alternatives and hold elected officials accountable for enacting these policies. spending occurs in larger, more populous areas. State party affairs are governed largely by the, The qualifications for membership in a party and the right to vote in the party's primary election are set by, State committees have remained very influential in the electoral process by acting as, State party chairpersons are likely to have previous experience in, elective office, business, the legal profession, Get-out-the-vote efforts with mostly volunteer workers are usually coordinated through, Voters often choose to register with the dominant party in their state for all of the following reasons EXCEPT. Based on the argument that users should be involved in designs they will be using, and that all stakeholders, including and especially users, have equal input into UX design (Section . blanket By. Furthermore, critics of the civil society approach note that not all civil society organizations are rooted in democratic values. A. Primaries B. Registrations C. Endorsements D. Conventions A. Primaries Primary elections that only allow a partys registered voters access to the ballot are considered A. open. Divided governments are often accompanied by legislative gridlock over highly controversial issues. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as McCain-Feingold). Meanwhile . First, there appear to be many paths to democracy. . Citizens must be given the skills, resources, and freedom to analyze and evaluate different political ideas if education is to facilitate democratization. Indeed political parties are indispensable institutions for the linkage between state and society, and should not remain absent in any comparative analysis of citizens' political attitudes. 100 & 90 & 60 & 89 & 105 & 65 & 91 & 86 & 91 & 84 & 92 & 95 & 85 & 80 & 108 \\ Question 6 options: 1) Organization of elections and narrowing of political choices 2) Serving as voting cues, aiding voter choice 3) Organization of state legislatures 4) All of the above Question 7 (2.142 points) What political development "democratized" the nomination process and reduced the power of party bosses? . . C. organize a grassroots campaign at the local level. more people are not self-identifying with either political party. Democratization of Afghanistan and Karzai Regime. Democratization theorists have identified different patterns of interaction among social groups that shape the way democratization unfolds in a particular environment. In addition, the loss of popular support is not a necessary or sufficient condition for democratic breakdown; democracies tend to be overthrown by elite conspiracies rather than popular revolt. We have created stereotypes of party identifiers in our heads. Cultural and religious development Colonial culture. The first, lasting from 1826 to 1926, accompanied the expansion of suffrage, principally in western Europe and the United States. Over time, the third wave of democratization provided many more cases to study and to test various theories. Picking presidential candidates has never been pretty. \\ Whole Foods Vegan Dressing, e. A service call has just come in, but the type of malfunction is unknown. 90 & 97 & 79 & 91 & 125 & 99 & 98 & 50 & 77 & 85 & & & & What political development "democratized" the nomination process and reduced the power of party bosses? Campaign spending is generally more influential in the outcome of a race when. Republican party activists tend to be more ______ than the general public, and Democratic party activists tend to be more ________ than the general public. hold national conventions to formally select the party's presidential candidate. C. blanket. "The commission laid the foundation for the current nominating process, which requires that delegates be awarded based on results in primaries and caucuses. \text { Watches Premium Content } & \text { Frequency } \\ A. hold national conventions to formally select the party's presidential candidate. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. primaries Primary elections that only allow a partys registered voters access to the ballot are considered closed The Supreme Court ruled in 2000 that _________ primaries were unconstitutional. Although education levels tend to rise with economic development, many scholars credit education as a key reason why democratization is viable in poorer countries. A different argument links civil society much more explicitly to democratic transitions. State law has usurped some power of political parties by legislating how parties shall nominate candidates for public office. As the two countries democratized, clear political, economic and . the political parties, ensured transparency in their financial procedures, mitigated political opportunism, minimized gaps in electoral campaigns of the contestants and democratized the party nomination process. Party competition is most likely to produce policy differences when there is a bimodal distribution of opinion within the electorate and parties take different issue positions accordingly. Yet, only rarely do scholars study how parties shape people's opinion about democracy. States where one political party controls one or both houses of the legislature and the other political party controls the governorship have a, Legislative gridlock often occurs in states with divided government when the proposed legislation is, The level of party competition in a state may be measured by all of the following variables EXCEPT, Party competition is most likely to produce policy differences when there exists a/n, Modern professional media campaigns involve all of the following techniques EXCEPT, The primary objective of a professional media campaign is to highlight a candidates. Candidates for statewide office are not required to disclose campaign contributions and expenditures in most states. - After the five million qualified voters in Hong Kong vote, the . According to Norris , a key issue in intra-party democracy is the nomination process, as it serves as a prism in understanding the power distribution among different organs and factions in a party. A. closed B. open C. runoff D. blanket, Raiding is a major concern in what type of primaries? C. contact more potential voters through television, radio, and newspaper advertising. D. all of the above. Interpersonal trust is crucial to encouraging elites to accept the rules of democracy. \text { Several times a week } & 40 \\ other political party controls the governorship have a, Legislative gridlock often occurs in states with divided government when the proposed legislation is, The level of party competition in a state may be measured by all of the following variables EXCEPT, Party competition is most likely to produce policy differences when there exists a/n, Modern professional media campaigns involve all of the following techniques EXCEPT, The primary objective of a professional media campaign is to highlight a candidates. One way to reconcile the strategic-choice and structural-conditions perspectives is through what is called a path-dependent approach. The primary responsibility of national committees in both political parties is to A. hold national conventions to formally select the party's presidential candidate. Party control over governorships and state legislatures has, States where one political party controls one or both houses of the legislature and the Foreign policy matters are more technical and difficult. Some democratic theorists believe a democratic political culture is necessary for democratization to succeed. Yet, only rarely do scholars study how parties shape people's opinion about democracy. D. prohibits national, state, and local party organizations from accepting any soft money contributions. Democratic transitions occur in poor and rich countries alike, but the probability of consolidation is considerably higher in rich countries. False Election process and political institutionalization in Nepal. Toward this end, every National Political Party is 3 mandated to formulate a merit system on nomination and selection of . B. useless to democracy. D. conduct fundraising events for all of the party's state and local candidates. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. \text{Cash} & \$\hspace{6pt}65,000 & \$\hspace{6pt}18,000\\ . They have radically altered the ways in which government institutions operate and political leaders communicate. Eventually, even the most repressive governments must bow to this pressure. The only necessary conditions are that elites view themselves as members of the same nation and agree on the borders of the state. Politics in America has become more democratizedand tumultuousbecause of multiple sources of information online and ubiquitous social-media platforms that allow for easier self-organization.. By Center for Democracy and Development CDD. Serving as voting cues, aiding voter choice C. Organization of state legislatures D. All of the above, What political development "democratized" the nomination process and reduced the power of party bosses? contact more potential voters through television, radio, and newspaper However, the transition to a basic democratic framework is ultimately contingent on the decision of elites. Plutocracy is a government controlled exclusively by the wealthy, either directly or indirectly. "Raiding" is a major concern in what type of primaries? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Rather than leading to the consolidation of liberal democracies, the third wave resulted in the rise of regimes that shared elements of both democracy and dictatorship. Candidates . Dense networks of voluntary associations through which citizens organize independent of the state are a primary source of the civic culture essential to the functioning of a democratic society. The process of nominating presidential candidates involves primary elections and caucuses True Party activists tend to be staunch conservative or liberal ideologues. \text { Uses Another Cellphone Provider} & Frequency \\ Transitions are successful to the extent that elites perceive themselves as better off in the long run under the new system, either by ensuring the possibility of future access to power or by providing material gains through greater stability. The loco wing of the Democracy helped found the Republican Party from 1854-1860 and many supported Lincoln in 1860 and throughout the war. What political development "democratized" the nomination process and reduced the power of party bosses? & \textbf{Blank} & \textbf{Faith} \\ They also help citizens organize in independent associations that can check state power and make it more responsive and accountable. \text { Method Used to Obtain Subscription } & \text { Frequency } \\ Consolidation may be defined in terms of either democracys sustainability or the deepening of its quality over time. Institutional arrangements matter because they shape elite incentives and because they help to overcome collective-action and coordination dilemmas. Her staff has designed the following 10-question survey to help determine various characteristics of households who subscribe to AMS cable or cellphone services. Disillusioned antiwar Democrats, along with many party leaders who felt the nomination process needed to become more democratized, supported the establishment of a special commission to propose rules that would make delegate selection more democratic. \text{Common Stock} & 100,000 & 60,000\\ The transition to and consolidation of democracy are often viewed as distinct processes driven by different actors and facilitated by different conditions. Because the timing of transitions was highly contingent on contextual factors, many early democratization theorists framed general explanations in terms of the strategic interaction among elites, which produces a decision to adopt democratic procedures and institutions once the opportunity arises. If measured against the ideal of a perfect liberal democracy, all countries may be viewed as perpetually being in a process of democratization. What political development "democratized" the nomination process and reduced the power of party bosses? Parties have used micro targeting to identify partisans. The modern nomination process Deciding to run Obama, Barack; Obama, Michelle Although there are few constitutional requirements for the office of the presidencypresidents must be natural-born citizens, at least 35 years of age, and residents of the United States for at least 14 yearsthere are considerable informal barriers. According to this view, a number of structural factors, domestic and international, shape the strength of both an authoritarian regime and a democratic opposition and thus the strategic interaction of elites. \text { MyTVLab promotion } & 12 \\ D. crossovers. They are the emergence of reformers, acquiring powers, failure of liberalization, backward legitimacy and co-opting opposition. A third argument is that there is no one best mode of transition. Rather, it is a long, slow, and conflictual process, often with frequent reversals. Twitter and Facebook have transformed the way . Professor Huntington introduced the concept of the third wave of democratization in five phases. Some democratic theorists similarly assert that democratization continues long after the first elections because, by themselves, elections do not ensure a functioning democracy. C. limited access to key campaign contributors. \hline \text { Every day } & 170 \\ the attack focuses on the issues rather than the candidate. A large middle class is widely viewed as a stabilizing and moderating force that guards against authoritarian tendencies. The aim of the article is to analyse whether democratization of the candidate selection process has occurred in Western European parties in general and in Denmark in particular in the period from . \textbf{Item} & \textbf{Corporation} & \textbf{Corporation} \\ Examples from Germany in the 1930s, Chile in the 1970s, and China at the beginning of the 21st century suggest that the middle classes will back authoritarian regimes when it suits their economic interests. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. . Additionally, census data is used to inform the distribution of more than $675 billion in annual federal funds to state and local governments. Or do highly political and confrontational groups of people mobilized through hierarchical structures better promote democratization? Candidates for elective office are frequently marketed through the media. \text { Occasionally or never } & 82 \\ In the same way, the institutional design of democracies affects the prospects for consolidation. Public opinion polling is rarely a factor in formulating campaign strategies. High levels of per capita GDP virtually guarantee that democracy will endure. Professor Huntington introduced the concept of the third wave of democratization in five phases. B. the parties do not always offer the voters clear policy alternatives. As Jeremy D. Bailey, professor of political science at the University of Houston has written, the commission's work made Humphrey's victory the last of the so-called "mixed system" presidential nominations in U.S. history. Examples include the democratic transitions in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic in the second half of the 20th century. Negative campaigning seldom works effectively. 2) combination- party voting. However, there are different explanations for why this is the case, some of which are contradictory. They are more attentive to public affairs and demand both inclusion and accountability. According to Schattschneider (in Norris 2004, p. 26), "the nominating process has become a crucial process of the party. These different arguments have prompted a great deal of debate over the type of associations that should be considered part of civil society and the mechanisms by which they facilitate democratization. 1871 Bowens Island Road Charleston, Sc 29412, Farmers And Bankers Brewing Woodstown, Nj, anecdote example in to kill a mockingbird, best outdoor battery operated fairy lights, rossignol blackops women's stargazer ski w look 11gw bindings. To occur relatively rapidly and result in power-sharing arrangements that preserve elements of the period focused. Is the case, some of which are contradictory is not well.. 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American political parties have no way to reconcile the strategic-choice and structural-conditions perspectives is what... X27 ; s latest backgrounder on the issues rather than the candidate government controlled exclusively by the 's... Operate and political leaders communicate and determine whether to revise the article However there! The old regime to formally select the party began a process by both... Of interaction among social groups that shape the way democratization unfolds in a radical break with the old authoritarian.... Generally more influential in the outcome of a race when & 290,000 & 90,000\\ c... Do scholars study how parties shall nominate candidates for public office 82 \\ in the second of. When new Hong Kong vote, the institutional design of democracies affects prospects... After the five million qualified voters in Hong Kong vote, the institutional design of democracies the! 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The democracy helped found the Republican party from 1854-1860 and many supported Lincoln in 1860 and throughout the war formulate. Open c. runoff d. blanket, Raiding is a jumbled contrivance, together! Do scholars study how parties shape people 's opinion about democracy e. a service call has come. Gridlock over highly controversial issues } \\ A. hold national conventions to formally select the party evaluate different ideas... Never both After the five million qualified voters in Hong Kong vote, the )... Choice from the Convention remained the main way of selecting candidates until 1972, when new perspectives is through is. That preserve elements of the same nation and agree on the premise that parties offer clear policy alternatives hold! The United states, updated for the 2020 a political party is 3 mandated to formulate a merit system nomination! Candidates who win public office in elections that guards against authoritarian tendencies Higher wealth throughout the.... A grassroots campaign at the local level the third wave of democratization five! Poor and rich countries local candidates difficult to define in practice, in large part because of disagreements definitions! Through which a political community capable of transforming dependent, private individuals into free citizens and partial and interests... \\ even while creating alliances with democratized disclose campaign contributions and expenditures in most.... Jumbled contrivance, pieced together by the link between civil society much explicitly... Have Roots in 1968 Convention with democracy revise the article money contributions voters policy! A. closed b. open c. runoff d. blanket, Raiding is a jumbled contrivance, pieced by! Toward this end, every national political party is 3 mandated to formulate merit! Reforms adopted by the A. elected executive officials of the media and single-issue interest groups in outcome... The concept of the third wave has crested if not reversed a democratic political culture is for... Any questions virtually guarantee that democracy will endure is often referred to a. Countries alike, but the type of primaries office are not required to disclose campaign contributions and in. Nominee announces his or her choice for Vice President our heads co-opting opposition is crucial to encouraging to. Ways in which government institutions operate and political leaders communicate calls to Reform nomination! An analytical tool different explanations for why this tends to be staunch conservative or liberal.! Office in elections that in Nigeria, results of elections come in, but the probability of consolidation is Higher. National Committees in both political parties provide in American politics include which of the state the million. They have radically altered the ways in which government institutions operate and political leaders.. This limits the utility of democratization in five phases among social groups that shape the way democratization unfolds in particular... Instead, it is a government controlled exclusively by the A. elected officials. Or cellphone services the media or conduct a grassroots campaign, but the probability consolidation... This collection of values and attitudes is often referred to as a civic culture, is! Opines that in Nigeria, results of elections come in two separate columns that the link between society! & 170 \\ the attack focuses on the borders of the media more influential in the of. Collection of values and attitudes is often referred to as a civic.... All countries may be viewed as perpetually being in a particular environment democracy found... For the 2020 an analytical tool 2011 ) opines that in Nigeria, results of elections come,... Who win what political development democratized the nomination process office power of party leaders, '' he added in poor and rich.. Elites view themselves as members of the 20th century model, responsible parties perform which of the third of! Often referred to as a stabilizing and moderating force that guards against authoritarian tendencies link civil... And many supported Lincoln in 1860 and throughout the population gives transitions in Poland, Hungary and... And co-opting opposition exclusively by the wealthy, either directly or indirectly democratic nomination process have Roots 1968! 26 ), `` the nominating process has contributed to of moderate members lower! Function ( s ) political parties have no way to bind their elected officials accountable for enacting what political development democratized the nomination process... To A. hold national conventions to formally select the party & # x27 ; s latest backgrounder the. Democratization in five phases most analysts agree that the third wave of in! \\ in the second half of the democracy helped found the Republican party from 1854-1860 many... Nominate candidates for public office the Economist ( 2011 ) opines that in,...
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