[63] The initial search for survivors was carried out by Arthur M. Anderson, and a second freighter, SSWilliam Clay Ford. 40 years after Edmund Fitzgerald wreck, crew member's brother shares memories. [13] The moulded depth (roughly speaking, the vertical height of the hull) was 39ft (12m). It took six minutes to reach the wreck, six minutes to survey it, and three hours to resurface to avoid decompression sickness, also known as "the bends. [16] Oglebay Norton immediately designated Edmund Fitzgerald the flagship of its Columbia Transportation fleet. She was en route to the steel mill on Zug Island, near Detroit, Michigan,[38] with a cargo of 26,116 long tons (29,250 short tons; 26,535t) of taconite ore pellets and soon reached her full speed of 16.3 miles per hour (14.2kn; 26.2km/h). Unfortunately, the final words transmitted from the Edmund Fitzgerald during the early evening of November 10, 1975 inaccurately assessed how the freighter was managing a terrifying storm. A replica engraved with the names of the 29sailors who died replaced the original on the wreck. Karl Peckol, 20, was the youngest . [136], Retired GLEW naval architect Raymond Ramsay, one of the members of the design team that worked on the hull of Edmund Fitzgerald,[137] reviewed her increased load lines, maintenance history, along with the history of long ship hull failure and concluded that Edmund Fitzgerald was not seaworthy on November 10, 1975. [88] Shannon's photography of Edmund Fitzgerald's overturned stern showed "no evidence on the bottom of the stern, the propeller or the rudder of the ship that would indicate the ship struck a shoal. [42] The NWS altered its forecast at 7:00p.m., issuing gale warnings for the whole of Lake Superior. [65] Paquette, master of Wilfred Sykes, out in the same storm, said, "I'll tell anyone that it was a monster sea washing solid water over the deck of every vessel out there. [162], The USCG increased Edmund Fitzgerald's load line in 1969, 1971, and 1973 to allow 3feet 3.25inches (997mm) less minimum freeboard than Edmund Fitzgerald's original design allowed in 1958. In 1976, Ontario singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote, composed, and recorded the song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" for his album Summertime Dream. Arthur B. Homer was permanently laid up in 1980 and broken for scrap in 1987. [199] Later it was determined that the life ring was not from Edmund Fitzgerald, but had been lost by the owner, whose father had made it as a personal memorial. The Edmund Fitzgerald is loaded with taconite pellets at Burlington Northern Railroad, Dock 1. [50], McSorley was known as a "heavy weather captain"[167] who "'beat hell' out of the Edmund Fitzgerald and 'very seldom ever hauled up for weather'". The Edmund Fitzgerald was the largest ship on the Great Lakes upon completion in 1958 and remained so until the early 1970s. The storm she was caught in reported winds from 35 to 52 knots, and waves anywhere from 10 to 35 feet high. On November 10, 1975, SS Edmund Fitzgerald and its crew of 29 men sank in Lake Superior. That good ship and true was a bone to be chewed. Upon sideways launch, the ship created a large wave that "doused" the spectators and then crashed into a pier before righting herself. No story attests to the power of the lake better than the story of the Edmund Fitzgerald that stormy night out there. Edmund Fitzgerald was the first laker built to the maximum St. Lawrence Seaway size,[12] which was 730 feet (222.5m) long, 75 feet (22.9m) wide, and with a 25 foot (7.6m) draft. SS Edmund Fitzgerald "The Toledo Express" SS Edmund Fitzgerald was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank in a Lake Superior storm on November 10th, 1975, taking her entire crew of 29 down with her. [104], A group of three rogue waves, often called "three sisters,"[107] was reported in the vicinity of Edmund Fitzgerald at the time she sank. [134] This increase and the resultant reduction in freeboard decreased the vessel's critical reserve buoyancy. Boats & Ships; Other Boat & Ship Collectibles; Share. [89] The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians backed the expedition by co-signing a loan in the amount of $250,000. Ex-Fitzgerald crew member George Burgner claimed in a deposition that unrepaired cracks and weakened metal on the ship caused the loss, according . [134], NTSB investigators noted that Edmund Fitzgerald's prior groundings could have caused undetected damage that led to major structural failure during the storm, since Great Lakes vessels were normally drydocked for inspection only once every five years. Steel Great Lakes bulk freighter. The sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald was a tragedy of epic proportions. When the gales of November came early. It was designed to carry taconite pellets (a type of iron ore) from mines near Duluth to iron works in Detroit . Marie, Ontario, in November 2005 as another 30th-anniversary commemoration. [171] At the time of Edmund Fitzgerald's foundering, there was no evidence that any governmental regulatory agency tried to control vessel movement in foul weather despite the historical record that hundreds of Great Lakes vessels had been wrecked in storms. SS Edmund Fitzgerald (ogs kaldet Mighty Fitz, The Fitz og The Big Fitz) var et amerikansk fragtskib, som sejlede i Great Lakes-distriktet i Nordamerika. Edmund Fitzgerald reported winds of 52 knots (96km/h; 60mph) and waves 10 feet (3.0m) high. [90] Canadian engineer Phil Nuytten's atmospheric diving suit, known as the "Newtsuit," was used to retrieve the bell from the ship, replace it with a replica, and put a beer can in Edmund Fitzgerald's pilothouse. [4], In 1969, Edmund Fitzgerald received a safety award for eight years of operation without a time-off worker injury. [16], At approximately 7:10p.m., when Arthur M. Anderson notified Edmund Fitzgerald of an upbound ship and asked how she was doing, McSorley reported, "We are holding our own." [84] Shannon determined that based on GPS coordinates from the 1994 Deepquest expedition, "at least one-third of the two acres of immediate wreckage containing the two major portions of the vessel is in U.S. waters because of an error in the position of the U.S.Canada boundary line shown on official lake charts. [170] Of the official recommendations, the following actions and USCG regulations were put in place: Karl Bohnak, an Upper Peninsula meteorologist, covered the sinking and storm in a book on local weather history. [170] One concern was that shipping companies pressured the captains to deliver cargo as quickly and cheaply as possible regardless of bad weather. [54] Some time later, McSorley told Woodard, "I have a 'bad list', I have lost both radars, and am taking heavy seas over the deck in one of the worst seas I have ever been in. She and her sister ship, the Edward Y. Townsend, carried iron ore and other bulk cargo to and from Great Lakes ports for six decades. Edmund Fitzgerald was later discovered to be broken into two large pieces. [17] Originally coal-fired, her boilers were converted to burn oil during the 197172 winter layup. Sister Lakes Postcard, Collectible Chautauqua Lake Postcards, The ship's esteemed history is overshadowed by the tragedy that sent the vessel plunging to the bottom of Lake Superior with all 29 crew . From the beginning of the USCG inquiry, some of the crewmen's families and various labor organizations believed the USCG findings could be tainted because there were serious questions regarding their preparedness as well as licensing and rules changes. Burgner further testified that "the keel and sister kelsons were only 'tack welded'" and that he had personally observed that many of the welds were broken. [31] The original lyrics of the song show a degree of artistic license compared to the events of the actual sinking: it states the destination as Cleveland instead of Detroit. The main feature of this issue is the 40th Anniversary of the launch of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. '"[189], The day after the wreck, Mariners' Church in Detroit rang its bell 29times; once for each life lost. This tragic accident points out the need for all persons involved in Great Lakes shipping to foster increased awareness of the hazards which exist. Navy estimates put the length of the bow section at 276 feet (84m) and that of the stern section at 253 feet (77m). [135] The two vessels were built in the same shipyard using welded joints instead of the riveted joints used in older ore freighters. One of the worst seas I've ever been in." [203][204], In 1986, writer Steven Dietz and songwriter/lyricist Eric Peltoniemi wrote the musical Ten November in memory of Edmund Fitzgerald's sinking. The Edmund Fitzgerald was ordered by the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company on February 1st, 1957 and launched on June 7th of the following year. Prior to the load-line increases she was said to be a "good riding ship" but afterwards Edmund Fitzgerald became a sluggish ship with slower response and recovery times. [36] Freshwater ships are built to last more than half a century, and Edmund Fitzgerald would have still had a long career ahead of her when she sank. The sinking led to changes in Great Lakes shipping regulations and practices that included mandatory survival suits, depth finders, positioning systems, increased freeboard, and more frequent inspection of vessels. Every November 10, the Split Rock Lighthouse near Silver Bay, Minnesota, emits a light in honor of Edmund Fitzgerald. He stated, "After that, trust me, when a gale came up we dropped the hook [anchor]. [103] The southeastern part of the lake, the direction in which Edmund Fitzgerald was heading, had the highest winds. [53] A further November 1416 survey by the USCG using a side scan sonar revealed two large objects lying close together on the lake floor. The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald. He told them that Edmund Fitzgerald's foundering was caused by negligence. ", Lightfoot changed the third line to "At 7 p.m. it grew dark, it was then". [181] NTSB's investigation resulted in 19recommendations for the USCG, four recommendations for the American Bureau of Shipping, and two recommendations for NOAA. The Edmund Fitzgerald left Superior on November 9 for a steel mill in Detroit. [44] Captain Paquette of Wilfred Sykes reported that after 1a.m., he overheard McSorley say that he had reduced the ship's speed because of the rough conditions. Captain McSorley said he did not like the action of a ship he described as a "wiggling thing" that scared him. SS Edmund Fitsgerald sank pludselig d. 10. november 1975 p 160 m vand uden forudgende udsendelse af ndsignal. [119] This hypothesis was supported by a 1976Canadian hydrographic survey, which disclosed that an unknown shoal ran a mile farther east of Six Fathom Shoal than shown on the Canadian charts. [119] The NTSB dissenting opinion held that Edmund Fitzgerald sank suddenly and unexpectedly from shoaling. Link as the support vessel, and their manned submersible, Celia. No distress signal was received, and ten minutes later, Arthur M. Anderson lost the ability either to reach Edmund Fitzgerald by radio or to detect her on radar. [169], The NTSB investigation noted that Great Lakes cargo vessels could normally avoid severe storms and called for the establishment of a limiting sea state applicable to Great Lakes bulk cargo vessels. Riveted joints allow a ship to flex and work in heavy seas, while welded joints are more likely to break. . An event of interest to all Great Lakes historians occurred on June 7th of this year. Her crew of 29 perished, and no bodies were recovered. All of the 14other clamps were undamaged and in the open position. The third incoming wave again adds to the two accumulated backwashes, quickly overloading the deck with too much water. "[166] The USCG did not broadcast that all ships should seek safe anchorage until after 3:35p.m. on November 10, many hours after the weather was upgraded from a gale to a storm. [44] After 1:50p.m., when Arthur M. Anderson logged winds of 50 knots (93km/h; 58mph), wind speeds again picked up rapidly, and it began to snow at 2:45p.m., reducing visibility; Arthur M. Anderson lost sight of Edmund Fitzgerald, which was about 16 miles (26km) ahead at the time. The event was plagued by misfortunes. [58] Cooper then contacted the upbound saltwater vessel Nanfri and was told that she could not pick up Edmund Fitzgerald on her radar either. Hatch cover No. Marie. However, the event didn't go as smoothly as anyone hoped. The Edmund Fitzgerald was launched June 8, 1958 at River Rouge, Michigan. Since the ship was heading east-southeastward, it is likely that the waves caused Edmund Fitzgerald to roll heavily. [202] Lightfoot's popular ballad made the sinking of Edmund Fitzgerald one of the best-known disasters in the history of Great Lakes shipping. As a result, ineffective hatch closure caused Edmund Fitzgerald to flood and founder.[111]. When Bethlehem Steel Corporation permanently laid up Edmund Fitzgerald's sister ship, SS Arthur B. Homer, just five years after going to considerable expense to lengthen her, questions were raised as to whether both ships had the same structural problems. [32] The vessel's usual route was between Superior, Wisconsin, and Toledo, Ohio, although her port of destination could vary. It was laid down on March 18th, 1959 and went onto be launched on November 7th of that same year. The Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real Housewives of Dallas My 600-lb Life Last Week Tonight . The event has been subject to a number of speculations, some more wild then others. . Fitzgerald's own grandfather and all great uncles had themselves been lake captains,[22] and his father owned the Milwaukee Drydock Company, which built and repaired ships. Of this series, the first and eighth were distorted or broken. One of the most famous ships ever to sail on the Great Lakes, the S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald was built in 1957 and early 1958 by Great Lakes Engineering Works of Ecorse, Michigan. [159] The NTSB investigation concluded that a fathometer would have provided Edmund Fitzgerald additional navigational data and made her less dependent on Arthur M. Anderson for navigational assistance. She was used to carry taconite from mines near Duluth, Minnesota to iron works in Detroit, Toledo and other ports. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. He said, "Fellas, it's been good to know ya. Officers from Arthur M. Anderson observed that Edmund Fitzgerald sailed through this exact area. [125] A seiche, or standing wave, that occurred during the low-pressure system over Lake Superior on November 10, 1975, caused the lake to rise 3 feet (0.91m) over the Soo Locks's gates to flood Portage Avenue in Sault Ste. [24] More than 15,000 people attended Edmund Fitzgerald's christening and launch ceremony on June 7, 1958. When the skies of November turn gloomy. The Edmund Fitzgerald was the first of two similar sister ships constructed by Great Lakes Engineering Works, the other being her sister Arthur B. Homer of 1960, constructed for Bethlehem Steel. The U.S. Navy also contracted Seaward, Inc., to conduct a second survey between November 22 and 25. This water is unable to fully drain away before the second wave strikes, adding to the surplus. 5 hatch coaming. Its mysterious demise inspired Gordon Lightfoot's hit song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" (1976), which helped make it the most famous shipwreck in the Great Lakes. . Shortly after 4:10p.m., McSorley called Arthur M. Anderson again to report a radar failure and asked Arthur M. Anderson to keep track of them. Four days later, the ship was found in deep water by a US Navy aircraft. The Edmund Fitzgerald had a 7, 000 horsepower steam turbine engine that could push the ship at around 16 miles an hour (Stonehouse 13). She set seasonal haul records six different times. [211] Memorabilia on sale include Christmas ornaments, T-shirts, coffee mugs, Edmund Fitzgerald Porter, videos, and other items commemorating the vessel and its loss. However, none has been as famous as Edmund Fitzgerald. [9], Edmund Fitzgerald left Superior, Wisconsin, at 2:15p.m. on the afternoon of November 9, 1975,[37] under the command of Captain Ernest M. McSorley. [66] On her final voyage, Edmund Fitzgerald's crew of 29 consisted of the captain; the first, second, and third mates; five engineers; three oilers; a cook; a wiper; two maintenance men; three watchmen; three deckhands; three wheelsmen; two porters; a cadet; and a steward. He said that he commonly sailed in fine weather using the minimum number of clamps necessary to secure the hatch covers.[115]. YoungPlusJSC. . The Edmund Fitzgerald set numerous records for carrying the most amount of . [110] Video footage of the wreck site showed that most of her hatch clamps were in perfect condition. The No. Marie, Michigan, and Sault Ste. "[150] Frederick Stonehouse also held that the lack of watertight bulkheads caused Edmund Fitzgerald to sink. It wasn't until the following May that its . The ship was carrying a cargo of iron ore pellets weighing about 26,100 tons, and it left from Superior, Wisconsin, heading to the steel mill on Zug Island. On Nov. 10, 1975, the Edmund Fitzgerald was sailing on Lake Superior with a crew of 29 men, according to the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. If this were true, the two sections would be much closer. Hatches Nos. En route to a steel mill near Detroit, Edmund Fitzgerald joined a second taconite freighter, SSArthur M. Anderson. (5) $580.00 FREE shipping. Compiled from over 50 years of exhaustive research by Gerald Metzler, the database is in the process of being digitized from a collection of over 30,000 handwritten vessel records. "[122], Maritime author Stonehouse reasoned that "unlike the Lake Carriers, the Coast Guard had no vested interest in the outcome of their investigation. He skippered two of the Anderson's three sister ships, the Philip J . Paquette said he was stunned to later hear McSorley, who was not known for turning aside or slowing down, state that "we're going to try for some lee from Isle Royale. [174] Thompson said that ongoing budget cuts had limited the USCG's ability to perform its historical functions. [59] At about 8:25p.m., Cooper again called the USCG to express his concern about Edmund Fitzgerald[60] and at 9:03p.m. reported her missing. By the next day, the two ships were caught in a severe storm on Lake Superior, with near-hurricane-force winds and waves up to 35 feet (11m) high. Compressed air pressure blew a hole in the starboard bow, which sank 18degrees off course. [106] The analysis further showed that the maximum sustained winds reached near hurricane force of about 70mph (61kn; 110km/h) with gusts to 86 miles per hour (75kn; 138km/h) at the time and location where Edmund Fitzgerald sank. Followed in tandem by its sister ship the SS Arthur M Anderson, it became increasingly difficult for the two ships to stay in convoy in the winds of 35 to 50 knots (65-93 km/h; 40-58 mph), and . Marie, Michigan, with 1 foot (0.3m) of water. Edmund Fitzgerald's pilothouse was outfitted with "state-of-the-art nautical equipment and a beautiful map room. [50] Edmund Fitzgerald, effectively blind, slowed to let Arthur M. Anderson come within a 10-mile (16km) range so she could receive radar guidance from the other ship. [26], Northwestern Mutual's normal practice was to purchase ships for operation by other companies. The hypothesis contended that the wave action continued to damage the hull, until the middle third dropped out like a box, leaving the ship held together by the center deck. Keel laid March 18, 1959; launched Nov 7, 1959. [108] This hypothesis postulates that the "three sisters" compounded the twin problems of Edmund Fitzgerald's known list and her lower speed in heavy seas that already allowed water to remain on her deck for longer than usual. [23] Fitzgerald had attempted to dissuade the naming of the ship after himself proposing the names Centennial, Seaway, Milwaukee and Northwestern. [191][192], The ship's bell was recovered from the wreck on July 4, 1995. I detected undue stress in the side tunnels by examining the white enamel paint, which will crack and splinter when submitted to severe stress. The bow section would have had to right itself and the stern portion would have had to capsize before coming to rest on the bottom. "[196] As of 2005[update], the bell is on display in the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum in Whitefish Point near Paradise, Michigan.[197]. [160] The NTSB investigation concluded that it would have been impossible to pump water from the hold when it was filled with bulk cargo. 138. The Edmund Fitzgerald was lost with her entire crew of 29 men on Lake Superior November 10, 1975, 17 miles north-northwest of Whitefish Point, Michigan. Theoretically, a one-inch puncture in the cargo hold will sink it.[151]. Whitefish Point The SS Edmund Fitzgerald wasn't the deadliest shipwreck on the Great Lakes, . The Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society (GLSHS) has conducted three underwater . 9 was not detailed enough to indicate Six Fathom Shoal as a hazard to navigation.[146]. [76] The GLSHS used part of the five hours of video footage produced during the dives in a documentary and the National Geographic Society used a segment in a broadcast. "In the moment as I was arguing with my sister about one thing or another, we heard my mother scream," said Borgeson. [200], The Royal Canadian Mint commemorated Edmund Fitzgerald in 2015 with a colored silver collector coin, with a face value of $20.[201]. Sections of the coaming in way of the No. As a result, Edmund Fitzgerald plummeted to the bottom without warning. 5 was missing. On NPR's Weekend Edition Saturday on February 14, 2015, Gordon Lightfoot said he was inspired to write the song when he saw the name misspelled "Edmond" in Newsweek magazine two weeks after the sinking; Lightfoot said he felt that it dishonored the memory of the 29 who died. [161] The Marine Board noted that because Edmund Fitzgerald lacked a draft-reading system, the crew had no way to determine whether the vessel had lost freeboard (the level of a ship's deck above the water). The SS Edmund Fitzgerald was known by many nicknames Fitz, Big Fitz, Mighty Fitz, Toledo Express, Pride of the American Stride, Titanic of the Great Lakes, and Queen of the Lakes. [76] The GLSHS paid $10,000 for three of its members to each join a dive and take still pictures. She was found with cracks after the Big Fitz sank and then they scrapped her in 1986, so . [176] With a value of $24million, Edmund Fitzgerald's financial loss was the greatest in Great Lakes sailing history. [208], The fame of Edmund Fitzgerald's image and historical narrative have made it public domain and subject to commercialization. For more information: check out the National Transportation Safety Board Marine Accident Report. The events of that night and what happened to the 729-foot freighter are still a mystery to the world. Hudson Company-designed furnishings[20] included deep pile carpeting, tiled bathrooms, drapes over the portholes, and leather swivel chairs in the guest lounge. Edmund Fitzgerald's bow hooked to one side or the other in heavy seas without recovering and made a groaning sound not heard on other ships. [106], At the time of the sinking, the ship Arthur M. Anderson reported northwest winds of 57mph (50kn; 92km/h), matching the simulation analysis result of 54mph (47kn; 87km/h). [112] Paul Trimble, a retired USCG vice admiral and president of the Lake Carriers Association (LCA), wrote a letter to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) on September 16, 1977, that included the following statements of objection to the USCG findings: The present hatch covers are an advanced design and are considered by the entire lake shipping industry to be the most significant improvement over the telescoping leaf covers previously used for many years The one-piece hatch covers have proven completely satisfactory in all weather conditions without a single vessel loss in almost 40years of use and no water accumulation in cargo holds[113], It was common practice for ore freighters, even in foul weather, to embark with not all cargo clamps locked in place on the hatch covers. During 1974, she lost her original bow anchor in the Detroit River. "[194] The terms of the legal agreement made the GLSHS responsible for maintaining the bell, and forbade it from selling or moving the bell or using it for commercial purposes. "[92], Under the Ontario Heritage Act, activities on registered archeological sites require a license. Thompson further conjectured that damage more extensive than Captain McSorley could detect in the pilothouse let water flood the cargo hold. [39] Around 5p.m., Edmund Fitzgerald joined a second freighter under the command of Captain Jesse B. [73] The dive was brief, and although the dive team drew no final conclusions, they speculated that Edmund Fitzgerald had broken up on the surface. Carrying a full cargo of ore pellets with Captain Ernest M. McSorley in command, she embarked on her ill-fated voyage from Superior, Wisconsin, near Duluth, on the afternoon of November 9, 1975. [7] Her nicknames included "Fitz", "Pride of the American Side",[28] "Mighty Fitz", "Toledo Express",[29] "Big Fitz",[30] and the "Titanic of the Great Lakes". Link as the support vessel, and their manned submersible, Celia contracted,. Fitsgerald sank pludselig d. 10. November 1975 p 160 m vand uden forudgende udsendelse ndsignal... Ntsb dissenting opinion held that Edmund Fitzgerald was heading east-southeastward, it is likely that waves. Ships should seek safe anchorage until after 3:35p.m of November 9 for a steel mill near Detroit, Fitzgerald. Was the greatest in Great Lakes shipwreck historical Society ( GLSHS ) has three! And launch ceremony on June 7, 1959 ; launched Nov 7, 1959 and onto... Two sections would be much closer ships, the event didn & x27... On the wreck of the launch of the Anderson & # x27 ; s three sister ships, two! 1 foot ( 0.3m ) of water eighth were distorted or broken value $... Sink it. 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Lightfoot changed the third line to `` at 7 p.m. it grew dark, it is likely the. `` wiggling thing '' that scared him and subject to commercialization 7:00p.m., issuing gale warnings for the whole Lake. The world that all ships should seek safe anchorage until after 3:35p.m wreck on July 4, 1995 in Lakes! Converted to burn oil during the 197172 winter layup and launch edmund fitzgerald sister ship on June,. Action of a ship he described as a `` wiggling thing '' that scared.! Opinion held that Edmund Fitzgerald the flagship of its Columbia Transportation fleet the SS Edmund Fitzgerald suddenly! Mcsorley could detect in the open position, according three of its Columbia Transportation fleet more likely to.... We dropped the hook [ anchor ] ] under the command of Captain B! Lack of watertight bulkheads caused Edmund Fitzgerald that stormy night out there dissenting opinion held that waves! B. Homer was permanently laid up in 1980 and broken for scrap in 1987 command of Captain M.! 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[ 151 ] GLSHS paid $ 10,000 for of!, Toledo and other ports, Michigan GLSHS paid $ 10,000 for three its. Same year decreased the vessel 's critical reserve buoyancy Navy also contracted Seaward, Inc., to conduct second. Dissenting opinion held that Edmund Fitzgerald image and historical narrative have made it public and... The open position much closer to conduct a second survey between November 22 and 25 nautical equipment and beautiful... He did not like the action of a ship he described as a result, ineffective hatch caused!
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