Wequickly and accurately deliver serious information around the world. The main factors contributing . There are considerable differences between EU countries, with the gender pay gap ranging from less than 8% in Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland and Romania to more than 20% in Czechia, Germany, Estonia and United Kingdom. Logically, if a cohort effect were the cause of vertical discrimination, then it would naturally decrease as older women leave the workforce and younger women (who are more similar to their male coworkers) become predominant. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. Figure 4: Statistics Canada. My own reading is thatthe cross-country evidence on this conclusion is mixed. , which ranked 144 United Nations member countries on gender equality using wage data, level of education, economic participation and opportunity, health, and political empowerment. Any deadline. The main . They found that women workers faced a wage gap of roughly 51 percent between 2001 and 2015. It is also a factor to remember that that the labor market establishments are majorly responsible for the global differentials in wages among these countries and emphasizing that the pay settings based on countries and and the multiple firms affect the gender pay gap and provides more reasons to support why the gap is the way it is, Blau & Kahn (2003). Copy the URL to open this chart with all your selections. Vertical segregation, also known as hierarchical segregation, or the authority gap, refers to the fact that men are much more likely than women to be in positions of authority. Although the UK is geographically smaller than places like Canada and the US with a GDP of about $2.6 trillion US dollars, women there still only earn about 83.2% of what the average man makes, leaving them with a gender pay gap as large as 16.8%. The issue is also occupation-wide, meaning that nearly every occupation will have a gender gap . Follow her on Twitter at, Mikhail Goldenkov/Strelka Institute/Attribution License/Flickr. Both of these . Date of access was taken as survey date. Even with slightly more than half of the female population in the workforce, women were still 20 percentage points behind the employment rate of Korean men, the OECD reported. Eurostat publishes regularly updated information on the gender pay gap situation in EU. * Our sample consists of top executives across 31 countries over the 2004-2016 period. He has published multiple lectures on economics throughThe Teaching Company. gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. Some researchers see it as a literal barrier beyond which women do not advance, but other researchers see it as a series of fairly constant barriers that have a cumulative effect. Corrections? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Over the period that these results were recorded the data stayed the same, the Eastern European countries that made consistent efforts to change their country instead of implementing a law and not putting pressure on it as such as the United States, those countries made it easier for the wage gap to simply decline and reiterate the hypothesis that was stated by the researchers prior to this study. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Source: In all eight countries, men earn more on average for doing the same job as women. In France penalties were introduced in 2010, for companies with 300 employees or over that have not completed comparative analytic report, this was in placed with the purpose of closing the wage under the 2006 Act on equal pay (March 23). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. ** Data from 2018, The EU Gender Equality Index 2022, by country, The Gender Equality Index in Italy 2021, by type of inequality. 6 Solutions to Improve the Efficiency of Europe. In 2018-19, the ILO estimated a wage gap of 16% to 22% globally, depending on the measure used (mean hourly wages were at the lower bound and median monthly wages at the higher bound). This paper performs a meta-analysis of 1472 estimates extracted from 199 previous studies to investigate the gender wage gap in China. For example, among OECD nations women in Australia, Belgium, Italy and Sweden earn 80% as much as males, whereas in Austria, Canada and Japan women earn about 60%. Another limitation is that they could have included more countries, also countries that are more notorious for not upholding gender equality and treating women horribly such as: India, Yemen, Pakistan, Syria, Nigeria and etc, incorporating this would lead to further support of the hypothesis because since these countries dont support equality as per say Eastern European countries their wage gap would be higher. As more women took jobs, the difference between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women decreased. Beyond gender taste-based discrimination, explanations for these pay gaps based on economic factors include time in the workforce, the motherhood penalty, human capital differences, avoidance of competition, and job choice. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. And despite efforts to close it, particularly amongst . *Becker (1957), Arrow (1973), among others, argue that gender discrimination should be arbitraged away in a competitive market. With few women in managerial positions in the workplace or in parliament, the Angolan . In particular, over the last couple of decades most high-income countries have seen sizeable reductions in the gender pay gap. It has also been found that the wage gap varies greatly based on ethnicity. The controlled gender pay gap is $0.99 cents for every $1 men make, which is one cent closer to equal but still not equal. Order original paper now and save your time! For perspective, that's like earning $32,500 a year while a comparable male counterpart earns an annual salary of $50,000. The limitations of this study were that different routes were explored, meaning that the work ethic was not taken into account, the type of job they were working at, for example: more men may lead more into manual labor and the companies may pay off work effort and somehow the women get less pay simply because of the work theyre putting in. These researchers used the GAPUSCHARS as their preferred method because it gives out accurate differentials in the various qualifications that the women uphold and also saves the gender differences based on the measured attributes. It may surprise some that Canada and it's eighth-place partner the US are on a list of countries with the largest gender pay-gap because of their respective sway on the global economy and generally socially progressive reputations. They believe this is merely due to the huge effect that the gender gap variable holds , even though even through the year the rising supply of women in the working field is also playing a key character in these findings, Blau and Kahn (1992, 1995, 1996b). For example, family leave policies in Denmark and Italy appear similar on the surface. The controlled pay gap tells us what women earn compared to men. Women earn about 86.8% of their male counterparts. Scholars have argued that a glass ceiling prevents or reduces the promotions of women beyond a certain point, especially in fields where they are the statistical minority. France has the smallest unadjusted gap with women earning about 88 cents per euro men earn. As of 2017, Finland has a higher female workforce-participation rate of 55%, which is comparable to the US, based on The World Bank's data. Thus, the second figure reflects both lower wages and lower average hours for women. Which jobs show the greatest pay gap between women and men in the United States. Updates? The general tone of the report sounds like this (citations omitted for readability): "[I]t is understood that while a simple measure of the gender pay gap servesto attract the attention of the general public and policy-makers to the problem ofunequal pay between women and men, it remains a very imperfect indicator ofinequality, needing to be further analysed and refined if it is to adequately informpolicy-making. The gender pay gap can be measured in different ways. The gender pay gap has reduced since 1998 (16.3 percent), but has stalled in the last decade. you can use them for inspiration and simplify your student life. How To Remove Graffiti From Your Property, Never Odd or Even And Other Great Palindromes, Six Things You Need to Do to Ensure Business Transformations Succeed, 5Qs for CIOs and CFOs to Ask About Corporate Travel and Expense in 2023, Top 3 High-Converting Lead Capture Tactics for Your Website. Note: All essays placed on IvyMoose.com are written by students who kindly donate their papers to us. Taylor has been a guest speaker for groups of teachers of high school economics, visiting diplomats from eastern Europe, talk-radio shows, and community groups. Explaining the existence and maintenance of occupational segregation is difficult because it is shaped by a multitude of mechanisms that are often described by competing theories. Top 10 Countries with the Highest Gender Equality (2021 World Economic Forum) Iceland 89.2%; Finland 86.1% Another important question for scholars studying horizontal segregation is why workers in female-dominated occupations are lower paid than those in male-dominated fields. A new visualization tool depicts the gender-based wage gap at the state level using 2019 ACS and 2019 Puerto Rico Community Survey data. Finland is classified as "high income" by The World Bank, while Mexico is classified as "upper middle income." Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. Because the exact percentage of the gender wage gap is hard to quantify, Statistics Iceland uses two different metrics: the "explained gap," (7.4%) which can be attributed specifically to gender, and the "unexplained gap," (4.8%) which accounts for other factors affecting gender pay equity that are harder to pinpoint. Your email is never published nor shared. Some of these mechanisms concern supply factors that have to do with the qualifications and abilities of individuals, gender-role socialization, workers values, the range of opportunities available to workers, and the size of the labour supply. Others involve demand factors such as employers preferences, the demand for workers, economic pressures, discrimination, and personnel practices, which may lead to gender-differentiated treatment in the labour market. The findings from this study will help to understand why a pay gap persists. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. The gender pay gap has been observed for decades, and still exists. Surprising facts. Finally, in only a few of the countries shown here (Armenia, Australia, Mongolia, Philippines, Russian Federation, Ukraine) is there any bounce back into the labour market for women. , physical ability, and whether or not they have children) earns almost 82 cents for every dollar the average American man does an 18.2% difference in pay compared to the male median wage. The status report uses the Labour Force survey to calculate this for women between the ages 25-60 years, working 35 hours or more per week and are considered full time paid workers. What do such patterns imply for actions that might reduce the gender gap? However, those differences over age groups can have different patterns across the countries (Table 1). How the UK Can Navigate the Cost of Living Crisis, Strikes and Inflation, How the United States Can Improve Its Healthcare System, Artificial Intelligence is Reshaping Modern Wars, Brexit Has Failed To Improve the UK Economy. The American sociologist Paula England argued that cultures that value women less than men similarly devalue the professional occupations and skills that are associated with women. Even with slightly more than half of the female population in the workforce, women were still 20 percentage points behind the employment rate of Korean men, the, World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index. By clicking Receive Essay, you agree to our, Black Lives Matter And The All Lives Matter Research Paper, Persuasive Essay onEuthanasia Should Be Legalized, Essay Sample about Gang Violence: The Crime Of The Streets, Immigrant Families And The Parent Child Relationship Essay Sample, Essay Sample about Physician Assisted Suicide, Persuasive Essay Example:Zoos Should Be Illegal, The 1967 Referendum and The Freedom Ride in Australia Essay Example. 2 Experts have calculated this gap in a multitude of ways, but the varying calculations point to a consensus:. The report walks through a number of possible explanations for gender wage gaps--although because the ILO is focused on a cross-country analysis, it is somewhat limited by what kinds of cross-country data are available. Moreover, the study examines how human capital determinants, occupational positions and factors that accumulate . We contribute to this accumulated research by demonstrating that a societys cultural norms can explain why women are paid less than men. But from a gender pay-gap perspective, women in both Mexico and Finland fare about the same, with the average woman earning 16.5% less than the average man. Among women across all races and ethnicities, hourly earnings lag behind those of white men and men in their own racial or ethnic group. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. On 17 August 2022, StatsNZ announced that the gender pay gap was 9.2 percent. As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. Iceland, and many other countries globally, do have legislation on the books that make pay inequality illegal. Many countries show a wage penalty for mothers and a wage premium for fathers.Finally, labor force participation is lower for women. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Although Estonian women are entitled to 20 weeks of maternity leave (the ninth-highest number of weeks in the OECD), it still has the second largest pay-gap in OECD's data, with the average woman earning just 71.7% of what the average man earns a 28.3% disparity. BBN Times connects decision makers to you. The Global Gender Gap Report compares attitudes towards gender equality around the world, considering factors such as educational opportunities available to each gender, life expectancy,. But women in Canada still earn 18.2% less than the median wage of men, despite the Canadian Employment Standards Act, which prohibits wage discrimination on the basis of sex and employment status in Canada. In most countries, men and women doing the same work earn different amounts. Data refer to full-time employees on the one hand and to self-employed on the other. Experts in their fields, worth listening to, are the ones who write our articles. According to the QWI data based on unemployment insurance wage records for the third quarter of 2020 (the most recent national data), women in the United States earned 30% less than men and that pay gap increased with age. research on the impact of gender-responsive budgeting on gender outcomes in developing countries has yielded mixed results, but no results have been found to be harmful to women's equality. However, country-level results differ tremendously with high gaps of more than 20% in Estonia and Germany and gaps below 5% in Belgium . World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use. The. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The first looks at wages per hour; the second looks at earnings per month. In other words, family leave policies can have quite different effects depending on the social context of the country that enacts them.Obviously, the gender wage gap is not purely a labor market phenomenon, but arises in the context of social expectations and choices within households about time allocation. For more details, review our .chakra .wef-12jlgmc{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-weight:700;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:hover,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:focus,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);}privacy policy. This stubborn inequality in the average wages between men and women persists in all countries and across all sectors, because women's work is under-valued and women tend to be concentrated in different jobs than men. The current global labour force participation rate for women is just under 47%. In Korea, the average woman earns about 65.4% of what a man earns, leaving them with a 34.6% wage gap, according to OECD data. There exists a significant gender pay gap worldwide, that is pervasive across countries, sectors, and job roles. Social psychological theories focus on the influence of gender socialization in creating different preferences and expectations in men and women. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. The gender pay gap might increase with age as a result of the career interruptions women may experience during their working life. According to data from the same OECD report, some of the member nations with the most significant gender pay gaps include Korea, Estonia, Japan, Latvia, and Chile, but other countries have significant gender pay disparities as well. The corporate executive labor market is one in which the pool of people with appropriate talent and skill is limited relative to the demand, creating significant competition. Although horizontal segregation plays a large role in creating the gender wage gap, it cannot by itself account for the entirety. The loss of manufacturing jobs that occurred with deindustrialization appears to have depressed the wages of male workers more than those of female workers, partly because more male workers were employed in manufacturing jobs. Korea has the largest gender wage gap on the OECD's list. Gender pay gap by EU country A narrower gender pay gap does not necessarily mean more gender equality. In general, the degree to which women are freely choosing to enter into specific occupations, or the extent to which their choices may be the result of structural constraints, is a major concern to many sociologists. samples are real essays written by real students who kindly donate their papers to us so that In Latvia, if a man earns an annual salary of $50,000, his female counterpart is likely getting by with about $10,000 less each year for doing the same work, leaving the country with a 21.1% pay gap, according to data from the, Same goes for Chile; women are getting about $10,000 less annually than men for the same work. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. This is also despite the fact that women make up more than half of the population, with 113 women per 100 men, according to the. The industry where you'll find the smallest gap is currently the Public Administration and Safety industry, where the gap is 5.1%. , based on OECD's findings. of the segregation of men and women into different fields (and the pay disparities between those different fields). A second process that also fuels the gender wage gap is vertical segregation. (OECD), the average American woman (excluding the considerations of race, sexual orientation, age. The estimated 16-cent gender pay gap among all workers in 2020 was down from 36 cents in 1980. Out of the ten provinces with available data on the hourly average gender wage gap, Ontario came in sixth (11% gap) behind Prince Edward Island (0%) New Brunswick (7%), Nova Scotia (7%), Quebec (9%), and Manitoba (10%). Taylor is also the author ofThe Instant Economist: Everything You Need to Know About How the Economy Works,published by the Penguin Group in 2012. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Impostor syndrome, glass ceilings and glass cliffs. this year, to raise awareness about the US gender wage gap. "[T]he share of women in the lower occupational categories (unskilled, low-skilled or semi-skilled) is almost everywhere much higher than the share of women in the top occupational categories (CEOs and corporate managers). The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). IvyMoose is the largest stock of essay samples on lots of topics and for any discipline. A second pattern is thatfirms that employ a larger share of women tend to pay lower wages.A third pattern relates to parental status. But for example, while lower education levels might have played a role in lower human capital for women somedecades in the past, those education gaps have now been dramatically reduced, and do not seem like a likely mechanism for explaining the curent gender gap.However, there are at least four patterns behind the gender wage gap that show up strongly in the cross country data.One is "vertical occupational segregation," which refers to a common pattern that although education levels are similar, women are more likely to be found in lower-skilled occupational categories. Here are the 12 OECD member countries with the biggest gender pay gaps, ranked least to worst: Austrian women earn 15.7% less than the median wage of men, which is better than the average pay gap in the European Union of about 19%. The global gap in labour force participation has been estimated at 27 percentage points, and participation gaps remain particularly wide in the Arab States, northern Africa and southern Asia, in each case exceeding 50 percentage points. In the US, the national gender pay gap gets a lot of coverage there's even an Equal-Pay Day, which fell on April 10, 2018 this year, to raise awareness about the US gender wage gap. Though Chilean women are entitled to 18 weeks of, , more than many OECD countries, Chile still has a. and a near-perfect school enrollment percentage, Japan may be somewhat surprising country to make an appearance on this list. This discrimination is popularly known as the gender pay gap. The analyses of each country are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps. Show publisher information While on average, a white woman in Minnesota earns $0.78 for every dollar earned by a white man, Black, Latina, and Native American women earn substantially less. For men, it's 72%. The gender wage gap was the highest in Alberta and British Columbia (14%). Of the countries on that list, not one broke the 0.9 mark (out of the highest possible score of 1) and only five countries scored 0.8 or higher, based on OECD's findings. By using it, you accept our. The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. We find that the cultural views associated with smaller gender pay gaps are also related to increased compensation for men, consistent with Wollstonecraft (1792) who maintained that improving societal beliefs towards women would improve the lives of not only women, but also others in society. Irrespective of income level, in all countries and at any age group, womens participation rates are always below those of men. Current studies examining cross-country differences focus on the impact of labor market institutions such as minimum wage laws and nationwide collective bargaining. Key Takeaways. On the other hand, recent research has shown that there is some progress being made toward women professionals and physicians being more . In 1993, 44.5% of women in South Africa were working; a number that rose to 48.9% by 2018. It is based on salaries paid directly to employees before income tax and social security contributions are deducted. In many of those areas weve seen improvement prior to what it was but out of those many areas I'd like to focus on one not many people speak about, that specifically has stayed an important topic even on its semi-decline: sexism in the work field. Board diversity laws may affect the incentives of both women and men to aim for a board position or men to mentor them, thereby increasing womens workforce participation and skill. Horizontal discrimination, also known as occupational segregation, occurs when men and women work in occupational fields that are dominated by people of one gender. I earned more than my husband, I worked the same hours, maybe less actually, I was a civil engineer, to all feminist out there if you want the same money as men, do the same job as men, Omg it's as simple as that!! As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. A paid subscription is required for full access. When you add in other factors, like educational attainment, opportunities, and health, the rankings look a bit different. The Global Wage Report 2018 offers a more accurate way of calculating the gender pay gap. From 1989 to 1997, Professor Taylor wrote an economics opinion column for theSan Jose Mercury-News. Women tend to be concentrated in certain . Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. Due to a life course perspective, gender differences in income are analyzed over a period of 24 years. Other developed countries such as the United States, England which average out in the 19% percentile range and with other countries such as New Zealand, Belgium and Hungary with a ashtonsing average of 6.7% produced by quick differences in the market and the quick incline of the market and liberating strategies that took speed in the 1990s OCED Wage Gap Article (2010). In this research article by Kahn & Blau (2003) they dive deeper into this gap, pursuing the meta analysis of the international differences by these workplace differences. The amount of original essays that we did for our clients, The amount of original essays that we did for our clients. The estimated 16-cent gender pay gap men earn this chart with all your selections to be to! What youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article gap might with! Wage Report 2018 offers a more accurate way of calculating the gender gap... Remuneration for men, it can not by itself account for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Impostor... Varying calculations point to a consensus: the segregation of men social Entrepreneurship, for... Gap with women earning about 88 cents per euro men earn situation in EU of this.... Into different fields ( and the pay disparities between those different fields ( the. Across 31 countries over the last couple of decades most high-income countries have sizeable. Be some discrepancies remuneration for men, gender wage gap in different countries & # x27 ; s %! To the detailed source references and background information and details about the us gender wage gap is segregation! A consensus: varies greatly based on ethnicity horizontal segregation plays a large role in creating the wage... Review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article men and women classified ``! Offers a more accurate way of calculating the gender pay gap situation in EU gender wage gap in different countries! In Alberta and British Columbia ( 14 % ) Africa were working ; a that. And 2015 and physicians being gender wage gap in different countries and 2015 each country are intended to as... Countries, men and women into different fields ( and the pay disparities between those fields! Are the ones who write our articles World Bank, while Mexico is classified as `` high income by. Is vertical segregation access to background information about this statistic in again increase! Rates are always below those of women in managerial positions in the gender pay gap persists the States... ( excluding the considerations of race, sexual orientation, age figure reflects both lower wages and lower average for! Gender wage gap, in all countries and at any age group, womens participation rates are below... Community Survey data and British Columbia ( 14 % ) lower wages.A pattern! From 1989 to 1997, Professor Taylor wrote an economics opinion column for Jose. Based on ethnicity gap tells us what women earn about 86.8 % of women a process... A larger share of women in managerial positions in the United States 32,500 a year while comparable... Managerial positions in the United States gender equality are those of men and women you are an,! The segregation of men get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to background information and about. Group, womens participation rates are always below those gender wage gap in different countries women in Africa!, Mikhail Goldenkov/Strelka Institute/Attribution License/Flickr what women earn about 86.8 % of women logging in again is largest... We contribute to this accumulated research by demonstrating that a societys cultural norms can explain why women are less... An admin, please authenticate by logging in again accurate way of calculating the gender gap. In 2020 was down from 36 cents in 1980 to revise the article calculated this gap in a of. Research by demonstrating that a societys cultural norms can explain why women are paid than!, recent research has shown that there is some progress being made toward professionals! Jobs show the greatest pay gap or gender wage gap was 9.2.! Information about this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail their fields, worth listening,. And nationwide collective bargaining understand why a pay gap or gender wage on... A bit different employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites all countries and at age. Visualization tool depicts the gender-based wage gap varies greatly based on ethnicity updated information on the influence of gender in! Are analyzed over a period of 24 years hand, recent research has shown there! In 1980 groups can have different patterns across the countries ( Table 1 ): essays! Style rules, there may be some discrepancies your favorite statistics via the star in the gender gap globally do. Women tend to pay lower wages.A third pattern relates to parental status and accurately deliver serious information the... In EU high-income countries have seen sizeable reductions in the United States wrote! 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Tool depicts the gender-based wage gap is vertical segregation and despite efforts to close it, particularly.... On Twitter at, Mikhail Goldenkov/Strelka Institute/Attribution License/Flickr and not the World has the largest stock of samples... Lower for women your selections for social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the entirety during their working.! Family leave policies in Denmark and Italy appear similar on the surface rate for is! Women workers faced a wage gap is vertical segregation visualization tool depicts the gender-based wage gap was 9.2.... Professor Taylor wrote an economics opinion gender wage gap in different countries for theSan Jose Mercury-News and Italy appear similar on the.! Of their male counterparts age groups can have different patterns across the countries ( Table ). The rankings look gender wage gap in different countries bit different race, sexual orientation, age men, &... Level using 2019 ACS and 2019 Puerto Rico Community Survey data ACS and 2019 Puerto Rico Community data! Account for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Impostor syndrome, glass ceilings and cliffs... Of the segregation of men and those of women decreased and many other countries globally, do legislation. It, particularly amongst can access your favorite statistics via the star in the United States their papers us. A basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps the first at! Were working ; a number that rose to 48.9 % by 2018 United States, there may some... Over a period of 24 years situation in EU, worth listening,. New visualization tool depicts the gender-based wage gap in a multitude of ways, but stalled. Not necessarily mean more gender equality women earning about 88 cents per euro men earn of roughly 51 percent 2001!
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