Unfortunately the degree of relatedness between Lojban and Chinese (highest weight, short words, consonant mergers while Lojbanizing) was 1.01: the 13th stroke of the clock. Your examples refer to an edible fish (salmon) and a fisherman, not, e.g., aquarium fish. In Russian hedgehog is two letters (and there are not many such words) and the long English word always seems weird to me. (Hittite mediopassive -ri seems to be actually droppable, come to that.). endstream endobj 169 0 obj <>>>/EncryptMetadata false/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(*b2KuGt+N$i&0i)/P -3100/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(q&F.,5e` )/V 4>> endobj 170 0 obj <><><>]/ON[181 0 R]/Order[]/RBGroups[]>>/OCGs[181 0 R]>>/OutputIntents[166 0 R]/Pages 161 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 171 0 obj <>/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0 0 432 648]/Type/Page>> endobj 172 0 obj <>stream In fact, in some instances, like derived nominals or the high-register Latinate lexicon of English, children will master derivational processes only well into school age. Unfortunately, I dont think that is all they mean. (I may be unfair. Vince is the author ofA Multitude of All Peoples(IVP),Gospel Haymanot (UMI) andThe Bisrat(Jude 3 Project). The picture in the booklet would do for a jackal (its not exactly photorealistic.) The singulative marker is similar to one found in Russian (-in-). Word Routes Sorry, I dont make the rules. Someone else could comment on this more knowledgeably, but I dont like this argument., I dont like it too, but popularity of the profession indeed depends on (1) its prestige (2) other opportunities (3) finding people who just want to do it (who too feel better when there is a thriving community of enthusiasts). They are, rather, part of the dialect geography of linguistic terminology: roughly Semito-Hamitic for Eastern Europe; Hamito- Semitic for the rest of Europe; Erythraic in the focal area of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London; Afroasiatic in the U. S. generally; Lisramic and Afrasian still on the door-step waiting to be adopted. https://www.academia.edu/5204683/Why_is_Africa_so_linguistically_undiverse_Exploring_substrates_and_isolates. Theres some circular reasoning in using his cognate table as proof of a relationship between proto-Nubian and Meroitic, since this is his reworked table and the best proof he has for the meanings of the Meroitic words is their correspondence with his sense of proto-Nubian. (This can lead to myopia, though: Id have realised that the verb sit was reconstructable to Proto-Volta-Congo a lot earlier were it not for the fact that all of Western Oti-Volta has adopted a quite unrelated root, just to throw me off the scent. Because I was able to observe the moment when instead of people who read him (and who do not speak about Meinhofs classification) we have people who never read Meinhof, who speak about his race-based classification and who speak of Greenberg who brought the light to the dark continent. Both sentences would imply that the speaker had dead fish in mind. Forms agent nouns from verbs. Proto-Canaanite writing also served as the inspiration and model for the script of the ancient Levantine city of Ugarit. (Indeed his Proto-Akanic root for to make a mistake is apparently *-, which strikes me as blatantly implausible even if were assuming its an ideophone. In their spontaneous speech, as well as in sentence repetition and reading aloud, subjects resorted to substitutions and never produced nonwords. Maybe Ill become a specialist in Eastern Sudanic! This is the most typical pattern, where languages within the core of an area may share many features, but the geographical extent of the individual traits may vary considerably one from another. Andras Rajkis Etymological Dictionary of Arabic Mande syntax is both weird and strikingly well maintained in its weirdness throughout most of a pretty diverse family, but that has no bearing on the wider genetic relationships of the family at all. A Piagetian orientation will explain them in terms of general cognitive principles and shared conceptual underpinnings which provide a universal epistemological basis for acquisition of linguistic knowledge (Slobin 1985). The evidence is pretty clear than the idea of Bantu-style noun class systems is more durable over time and linguistic diversity than any particular expression of the idea. You can just say that scenarios 1 and 3 lead to the same tree and so for our purposes they are just the same. 3) why there are so many synonyms for pig? Everything could be. What does it mean for Mande specifically? what seems to have happened is that they have assumed that the evident primary division of Semitic into Akkadian-Eblaite versus The Rest shows that everything is basically derived from Akkadian, or something pretty Akkadian-like, at any rate. If you trust the tree, you can then discover innovations in other parts of language by mapping them on the tree. Unfortunately, the WOV languages are actually all pretty similar when measured on a Swadesh-100 metric, so its something of an explanation in search of a problem. 0 The problem of variability in aphasia has been linked to the role of language-specific features in language processing, among other factors. I find myself trying to use common sense or etymological definitions of terms like isolating or derivational suffixes. Actually, the Nilo-Saharan situation looks not unlike Ryans scenario: very old families some small, some quite large that have been in low-level contact since ever. Or appalling. That could be wholly unrelated to what I call a blunder; Ill need to check. ninth century) and Aramaic (ca. @DE, again, the complaint was that many people beleive that grammatical evidence is absolutely necessary. The amount of homoplasy (the cover term that also includes reversals, i.e. Oy. pigs, swines, boars, pork, and what not. Boulba (a WOV language) is about as far from Byali as can actually be achieved and still all be Oti-Volta. . 195 0 obj <>stream Therefore were off to a good start and need to continue refining our method. In: Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse (eds), A linguistic geography of Africa. Who chose the referees, and on what basis? Its all the better for being very tentative. I find it difficult to understand what, if it was not some of the developments of the past 8-10 millennia that created powerful new forces of demic replacement. I wonder if the errors are just in the published paper or were actually in the study itself. Y R Chao goes into some detail about how his own experience of different Sinitic languages sparked his interest in Chinese linguistics (though with a man like Chao you wonder, chicken or egg?). Again, Dagbani and Mampruli are so close on a Swadesh-100 metric that they might as well be the same language; but so is Kusaal, which is not mutually comprehensible with either and is quite different (and much more conservative, overall) phonologically and to some extent morphologically and syntactically. In the 19th century, Europeans also began suggesting such relationships. I am not convinced. (Keep in mind these affinities are proxies.). But I am far from insisting that he coined it in the sense of swinoid [confused by Hystrix, porc-epic, Schweinigel, Stachelschwein, porcupine]. Person-gender-number marking from Proto-Khoe-Kwadi to its descendents: a rejoinder with particular reference to language contact. fourth century AD). So what do you mean The view that Anatolian split off first is close to becoming generally accepted? This could leave a relatively random loss-or-retention pattern across daughters, even when there is no major morphology-driven replacement going on. I checked Rabin, their quoted source (Lexicostatistics and the internal divisions of Semitic, in Bynon and Bynons Hamito-Semitica, 1975, doi: 10.1515/9783111356167.85). Our IE database includes only two WGmc languages, OE and OHG, and they are at the extremes of the WGmc group. There is already significant evidence of such replacement at Shum Lake and Mota. Cats are popular, I always thought that there must be Book of Cat somewhere. Jfr almnninga-, laxafiskeri. They call it the minimum of cognates and offer another 28 possible cognates. Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana That really depends on the dataset much more than on the method. Has anyone ever proposed that another known branch of IE split before Anatolian? You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost! Figure1. Cham languages in Nigeria have borrowed heavily fundamental lexicon from neighbouring unrelated Chadic languages (Tangale) so much so that lexical counts make them closer to Chadic than Adamawa. But, regardless, I doubt whether Kitchen et al* even know why real historical linguists think that shared innovations matter. Mostly matters are further complicated by the fact that the Atakora region of Benin, where the Eastern Oti-Volta languages live, is simultaneously the area of greatest diversity within Oti-Volta and also quite evidently a Sprachbund (as revealed by Boulba, a WOV language which has wandered into the area and picked up some of the local habits, like devoicing or otherwise getting rid of most of the voiced stops and fricatives.). Ah. It has long been known that *h aspirated preceding plosives in Indo-Iranian. -er. It was only really Germanic that was added to this, composed of several languages themselves recorded for a lot longer than any Niger-Congo language. Starostin fils has thought a lot about what lexicostatics can and cant do (he has other papers on this, as Im sure you know. However, the term is pretty common in American cultureespecially, as I indicated, but not entirely, in the West. I remember, after communicating with Russian Tolkien fans, I was able to recognize them on Internet forums in subsequent decades by their manner of speaking (writing), and it was by no means about individual words (usually when people study slang, they treat it as a bag of words:)). I do wonder to what extent Akkadian, or a direct descendant thereof, was still the spoken language in the Neo-Assyrian and/or Neo-Babylonian empires and if so, how much relation it held to the written language of the contemporary cuneiform tablets. Ah, thats why it didnt sound familiar to me my Spanish was learned in the Southern Cone (specifically Argentina). -in- is either less common, or in combination with -ka, or in specialized meanings (like demonyms). Emmon Bach, Wynn Chao, in Philosophy of Linguistics, 2012. The IE and Semitic case is probably not a general rule, perhaps indeed an exception that could be conditioned by a notable unimportance of fish in the PIE and PS agripastoralist lifestyle. Bloomfields Language, despite its age, is actually still a pretty good introduction. Languagehat.com reserves the right to alter or delete any questionable material posted on this site. Apparently one recent classification actually puts Sinitic, Tibetic, and Burman into a single branch far down the tree, such that they would have been more closely related to each other than to nearly the entire remainder of the family. Basal lineages in many cases really havent changed all that much in eons. 1975. Blench hopes to find evidence for Niger-KongoNilo-Saharan common roots. There is no consensus among historical linguists concerning the original homeland of the Afroasiatic family, or the period when the parent language (i.e. Or d fish', fish: samaka / asmk / d in Coastal Dhofr Arabic: a sketch grammar. By contrast in Uralic *kala is highly stable, lost only in Permic and, if were counting, Helsinki slang. Meinhofs system of classification of the Hamitic languages was based on a belief that speakers of Hamitic became largely coterminous with cattle herding peoples with essentially Caucasian origins, intrinsically different from and superior to the Negroes of Africa. However, in the case of the so-called Nilo-Hamitic languages (a concept he introduced), it was based on the typological feature of gender and a fallacious theory of language mixture. Meinhof did this although earlier work by scholars such as Lepsius and Johnston had substantiated that the languages which he would later dub Nilo-Hamitic were Nilotic languages, with numerous similarities in vocabulary to other Nilotic languages. Why did the editors themselves not pick up on this?). Proto-Semitic passed through the Nile delta from the West to the East, and reached Western Asia, where written documents of the third millennium B.C. I wonder how common is creative use of class markers, though. Hes indefatigable. The word Bantu means "the people" and is made up of the stem -ntu ( "person" ) and the plural prefix ba -. So maybe not. Cf. The earliest Semitic east of the Akkadian core in Mesopotamia that anyone knows about is the Akkadian used by second-millennium scribes in Susa and West Semitic Amorite coming down the eastern edge of the Mesopotamian lowlands from the north towards the end of the third millennium. The Dagaare for hedgehog is zampo. Die allgemeine Bedeutung Fisch fndet sich jedoch im Westen und im Sden der arabischen Halbinsel: .. West-Indo-European affinities of Anatolian. Arabic Fisch. Among their conclusions: Our estimate for the origin of Semitic (44007400 YBP) predates the first Akkadian inscriptions in the archaeological record of northern Mesopotamia by approximately 1003000 years. What would we do without computers? (English does have bakery and fisheries, but Im not looking up if they are related. Amusingly also Finnish, where this was loaned as *uros male and which, due to a general rarity of stems inflecting as -os : -oho- (poetic gen.sg. Then there is polysemy of fish. But Rillys Now that the affiliation of Meroitic is settled is pretty cheeky, I think. Im told that Darfur would be very pretty in the Spring, if there was one. In general, more history is hidden than is visible. Someone should package this into a transcendant essay the worlds languages have many wonderful etymologies for hedgehog, but only one for fox. Additional grammatical meanings can be added through prefixes and suffixes. On what basis is it decided that some region constitutes a linguistic area? As the [AA] languages are all closer to each other than to IE, the latter must have left their Nile homeland by 13,000 at the very latest It would appear that they went down the Nile, and, under pressure, on into Palestine-Syria, and made their way into Anatolia . The Millions I cant find my copy just now, but IIRC his Fulfulde examples are very heavy on mama/papa/ideophone type words, he analyses everything as CV roots, and he sets up a bewildering array of protolanguage initial consonants in order to make as many correspondences as possible look regular. Lots more, no doubt, in fields that I chance not to have a particular interest in. Technically, the title page doesnt carry your name, but the headers atop each individual page do. lyudina (Ukrainian) a person The Ushari Ahmed Mahmoud mentioned by Thelwall apparently also co-authored this report (there is a French clip about him), The inscribed lintel and the two funerary stelae in the Napatan / Meroitic cemetery at Sedeinga are really impressive. (Or perhaps I should say that what little there is is a little too original). I knew he likened evolution in biology to evolution in linguistics, but he barely engaged in phylogenetics at all. Which it did, replacing preliminary typological classifications by Meinhofs contemporaries. Yes, it seems to be pan-Brythonic. Which is to say, some examples of pescado in reference to a live fish, a fish in the wild, or this or that species of fish. and founded the first Semitic Empire at Kish. Ouch looks less suitable for this phonetically:((( Maybe I should just say ay!. On the Classification of Hadza. Pescado in every sense of pez was unknown to me. This is even more important for creatures that live in the water, where heat loss is much faster than in air. Naked Translations Deyr f, I do not know the Arabic alphabet and ask naive questions, so feel free to ignore them ????. What languages families are spoken in Africa? The good thing about it is that we can click the authors name and see what else she has. It was elicited by a recent article in the world renowned New York Times newspaper published on April, 14 th, (In good faith, certainly.) Separate reflexes for intervocalic *h and *h, namely vs. , seem to be consensus. The idea that greater weight should be attributed to some traits than to others for defining a linguistic area can be illustrated with the borrowed word order patterns in the Ethiopian linguistic area. However, just now looking at the actual Swadesh 100 list, I can only see four French loans offhand (and four Norse.) Individual scholars have also called the family Erythraean (Tucker 1966) and Lisramic (Hodge 1972). (Why the problem has not been enunciated more clearly and confronted systematically is also rather difficult to understand, but need not divert us here. I am not sure. And you can support my book habit without even spending money on me by following my Amazon links to do your shopping (if, of course, you like shopping on Amazon); As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases (I get a small percentage of every dollar spent while someone is following my referral links), and every month I get a gift certificate that allows me to buy a few books (or, if someone has bought a big-ticket item, even more). >Actually, he no longer believes that; for many years now hes excluded Songhay from his version of Nilo-Saharan. Also modern sites are terribly heavy. This is just a beginning a handful of proposals in the 2017 list fail the sound correspondences proposed in the 2021 presentation, some of the IE reconstructions are taken from old literature and dubious, and the current average quality of Proto-Uralic reconstruction hasnt quite reached the current average quality of PIE reconstruction*. But how much has changed in the two years! Greenberg refuted Meinhofs linguistic theories and rejected the use of racial and social evidence. was discussed in these august halls not so long ago. One classifier (t'u or dtua) is used for larger animals, furniture like tables and chairs, suits of men's clothing so far, things with arms and legs but also germs and fish! but doesnt actually define mr-fochyn sea-pig anywhere. Proto-Bantu and Proto-Niger-Congo: Macro-areal typology and linguistic reconstruction. There is no comparable data set in linguistics. In the specific case of Gldemann 2008, you have a bunch of weak similarities across a vast area which need to be accounted for by some combination of common ancestry, contact, and coincidence; proposing that they are to be explained by contact and not by common ancestry is a historical hypothesis with direct relevance to questions of genetic relationship, and in this case a clearly defensible one. 1994. Therefore our method is good, and we need to keep using it. Harold Fleming (1981) divides non-Omotic Afroasiatic, or Erythraean, into three groups, Cushitic, Semitic, and Chadic-Berber-Egyptian. No idea about Kusaal digi though. It does make a contact explanation for the rise of gender in Southern Nilotic seem a little more tempting. OpenSpace.ru (Russian cultural links) (I think Blench has a bit of a nerve in moaning about methodological errors by those who respond poorly to hand-waving.). Could it simply be older than the Germanic *o > *a shift? However, Gsiorowski instead suggests that *-rijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sr suffixed with *-ih, creating a suffix *-sr-ih for forming feminine agent nouns, which were then masculinised by attaching *-s. was in the Central Nile region in 18,000 BCE. WEST-AFRICAN ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: THE CASE OF IGBO. I can see why you guys like him. Again, have a look at Tom Gldemanns papers for yourself (including on Khoisan) and see what you think. I dont know how they do it in these latter days of Orwellian food safety. Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary If you have to cherry-pick your phylum, this does not seem to be a very scientific procedure. The classical case is stemmatics. Thanks. And yes, it marks me wrong unless I keep the peces swim, pescado is food distinction straight. Technically, the title page doesnt carry your name, but the headers atop each individual page do. Lameen, I suspect youll find this one pretty interesting too: Population history of North Africa based on modern and ancient genomes This would have required access to a different root, that is, the root /v/, which is used in the formation of the singular forms of the present tense of the verb. [.] On the one hand, hes very good at pointing out when the classification of individual languages doesnt stack up; on the other, he seems to take it for granted that there is no real half-way house between Greenbergs macrofamillies and a whole chaotic host of isolates. It could well be that the word is not derived from anything and is an unanalysable element meaning wild ox. Unlike that highly innovating language Lithuanian (which is also left in the dust by English when it comes to ablaut in the verbal system.). Clothing can be masculine or feminine depending on who is wearing it as I noted, it happens with diminutives here:). Btw, on the age of Nilo-Saharan: I just noticed that George Starostin argues (using the Starostin version of lexicostatistics) that Proto-Nubian-Nara-Tama by itself ie, a sub-branch of a sub-branch (East Sudanic) of the putative Nilo-Saharan phylum (of whose existence he remains unconvinced) is older than Indo-European by a good millennium. .] Clearly where there are major disagreements between professional linguists the data must be hard to process and most importantly, you must follow the view of an individual I think he has a bit of a stare decisis thing going on: hes happy to apply his judgment in cases where hes collected new data himself, but leery of revisiting classification decisions made by others in the past, in areas where he lacks actual first-hand data. The Amorites and their congeners would appear to have followed as far as Syria before 2500 B.C. It eases my conscience a bit about my dabbling with Swadesh lists in Oti-Volta, where Ive seen fit to discard inconvenient outcomes when they seem grossly at variance with better evidence for subgrouping, but snuck in lexicostatistics as a help to estimating the relative length of the various branches (as opposed to defining the branching in the first place.) This ancestral population (origin of migration edge a in Figure 4) was approximately halfway between the common ancestor of indicine and the common ancestor of taurine. I learn from Google Translate that Russian has a very cute (but not so spiky) two-letter word for hedgehog. it seems that salt-water fishing has always been quite a bit more important than fresh-water. I had, indeed, believed the converse: that the city of Ur was not called that natively, but named by some German archaeologist because of its extreme antiquity. Could be similar to what happened to African hunter-gatherers when they saw cattle, sheep and goats for the first time. But to put it more concretely in Rillys terms, Northern East Sudanic.) The most common reason for such a result is insufficient data rather than a genuine split into more than two branches at the same time, but still. 2a and 2b below). That sounds to me like the banana-language that gives us names like Inanna and Humbaba. Why isnt that true across west Africa or areas of Nilo-Saharan languages? I guess if youre getting a university degree in Africa, you may arrive at more practical ideas of how to improve your familys financial position than to pursue a lucrative linguistics career. and sometimes elaborated, over time. Basic word order emerges very early indeed, first between phrasal constituents, only later within phrases. Yeah, thats wrong. Its much less common, but the difficulty of distinguishing borrowing from inheritance is not confined to lexicon. Are these techniques also applicable to cultural features other than language? Akkadian, Aramaic: nnu, nuna It is a paper mentioned in this post. Apart from that, youre reduced to things like the Dogon human third person pronouns being sg wo, pl be, which does look a bit like V-C /ba. Any statement that English morphology is not overwhelmingly Germanic would be difficult to maintain, given e.g., ablaut in noun plurals and simple past of strong verbs (also construction of simple past of weak verbs with -ed), etc. I think a better comparison than Sanskrit/PIE and (presumed) Meroitic/NES would be of Gaulish and PIE. I imagine, in fact, that Hausa is actually too different to awaken a nascent interest in comparative linguistics: no obvious points of comparison to get you started. The Farefare for hedgehog is ympa, and arrow is pf, plural pma; I dont understand the loss of -g-, but the formation looks much like the Mampruli otherwise; -pa is just the arrow stem inflected in the ga/si noun class (which contains many animal names) instead of the f/i class. The article is part of an issue of Human Molecular Genetics surveying the genetics of Africa. Note that the author isnt simply on a quest to prove Greenberg right. My conlang Kebreni has the infix -su-for made of X: siva sand sisuva sandy. Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are
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