"Clay, Cassius Marcellus". Counsellor of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1859-1960. View of Henry Clay's law office (1803-1810), Lexington, Kentucky In November 1797, Clay relocated to Lexington, Kentucky, the growing town near where his family then resided in Woodford County. Mary Ann Dupuy was sent to join her mother, and they worked as domestic slaves for the Duraldes for another decade. John Brown was a militant abolitionist whose violent raid on the U.S. military armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was a flashpoint in the pre-Civil War era. Educated at Augusta Academy, Miami University, and Lane Seminary in nearby Cincinnati, Fee began his missionary work in Lewis County, Kentucky. Garrison's arguments were to him "as water is to a thirsty wayfarer. It brought in Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state (thus maintaining the balance in the Senate, which had included 11 free and 11 slave states), and it forbade slavery north of 36 30' (the northern boundary of Arkansas and the latitude line) except in Missouri. With no escape route and under heavy fire, Brown sent his son Watson out to surrender. To top off his savage rejoinder, he picked Brown up (Clay still had a bullet in his chest at this point) and tossed him over a wall and down an embankment. May 1781 - Hanover Court, Comt De Montgomery, Pennsylvanie, tats-Unis, Chesterfield County, Province of Virginia, Hanover, Hanover County, Virginia, United States, Henry Clay, US Speaker of the House, Senator, Sec'y of State. [3], Abraham Lincoln, the Whig leader in Illinois, was a great admirer of Clay, saying he was "my ideal of a great man." John P. Parker, Jr., b.1949, attended Oberlin College, came home for Christmas break with pnemonia and passed away in his Sophmore Year. Last modified 26 stycznia, 2010. [24] On January 3, 1809, Clay introduced a resolution to require members to wear homespun suits rather than those made of imported British broadcloth. He had opposed the annexation of Texas and the expansion of slavery into the Southwest, but had volunteered because of Mexicos attempt to seize the state, which it still claimed. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Rev John Clay BIRTH 1741 Henrico County, Virginia, USA DEATH 31 May 1781 Hanover County, Virginia, USA BURIAL Non-Cemetery Burial, Specifically: Rev. John Clay was buried near his home in Hanover County, Virgina in an unmarked grave. Tarleton visited and checked the grave for buried valuables shortly after John Clay's death. Senate career[edit] The Nullification Crisis[edit] Main article: Nullification Crisis After the passage of the Tariff of 1828, dubbed the "tariff of abominations" which raised tariffs considerably in an attempt to protect fledgling factories built under previous tariff legislation, South Carolina declared its right to nullify federal tariff legislation and stopped assessing the tariff on imports. In 1849, Clay was giving a speech against slavery when he was attacked by six brothers with the last name Turner. While this is, of course, impossible to verify, the mere existence of the rumor speaks to both the sheer number of his duels and his skill at surviving them. During the Mexican-American War, when he arrived in Mexico as captain of a company of Kentucky volunteers, he and his men were captured almost instantly by the Mexicans. John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States, was a staunch opponent of slavery. He ran and lost again in 1832 and 1844 as the candidate of the Whig Party, which he founded and usually dominated. To protect his venture, Clay set up a publication center in Cincinnati, Ohio, a center of abolitionists in the free state but continued to reside in Kentucky. According to newspaper reports at the time, Dora was 15 to 16 years old. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Described later by Friedrich List, it was designed to allow the fledgling American manufacturing sector, largely centered on the eastern seaboard, to compete with British manufacturing through the creation of tariffs. One was Humphrey Marshall, an "aristocratic lawyer who possessed a sarcastic tongue," who had been hostile toward Clay in 1806 during the trial of Aaron Burr. Clay grazed Marshall once, just below the chest. The younger Brown left his family at 16 for Massachusetts and then Connecticut, where he attended school and was ordained a Congregational minister. After he was executed, his wife, Mary Ann (Day) took John Brown's body to the family farm in upstate New York for burial. By early 1859, Brown was leading raids to free enslaved people in areas where forced labor was still in practice, primarily in the present-day Midwest. Finally, Clay walked the walk on his anti-slavery beliefs and, 20 years [13] When the Russian Atlantic fleet entered New York harbor, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles wrote in his diary: In sending these ships to this country, there is something significant. Two generations from slavery, all six went to college and entered the middle class. Opposition to Jackson and creation of Whig Party[edit]. [3], Clay had a reputation as a rebel and a fighter. The Compromise of 1850[edit] Main article: Compromise of 1850 After losing the Whig Party nomination to Zachary Taylor in 1848, Clay decided to retire to his Ashland estate in Kentucky. There is no gravestone and there never was. In 1861, Clay was appointed by President Lincoln to be the Minister to Russia. Clay fought off all six, killing one of the brothers. Cassius' sister Elizabeth Lewis Clay (17981887) married John Speed Smith, who also became a state and US politician. Polk's populist stances on territorial expansion figured prominentlyparticularly his opinion on US control over the entire Oregon Country and his support for the annexation of Texas. Although his first congregation numbered [1], Parker left the South, first settling in Jeffersonville, Indiana, then Cincinnati, Ohio, where there were larger free black communities and jobs in the bustling port. He lost his campaigns for president in 1824, 1832 and 1844. Parker risked his own freedom every time he went to Kentucky to help slaves to escape. At the time of his death, Clay's father owned more than 22 slaves, making him part of the planter class in Virginia (those men who owned 20 or more slaves).[6]. His supporters included the National Republicans, who were beginning to identify as "Whigs" in honor of ancestors during the Revolutionary War. He also became more familiar with the so-called mercantile class of wealthy entrepreneurs and their often ruthless business practices. [32] As the Congressional leader of the Democratic-Republican Party, Clay took charge of the agenda, especially as a "War Hawk" supporting the War of 1812 against the British Empire. From 1861 to 1865, The Union faced secessionists in 11 Southern states grouped together as the Confederacy and waged war against America. Clay was a member of a large and influential Clay political family. Web18101903 Cassius Marcellus Clay, abolitionist, publisher, U.S. general, U.S. minister to Russia. I alone am responsible." While making a speech for abolition in 1849, Clay was attacked by the six Turner brothers, who beat, stabbed, and tried to shoot him. The Missouri Compromise and 1820s[edit] In 1820 a dispute erupted over the extension of slavery in Missouri Territory. [6] The father left Henry and his brothers two slaves each, and his wife 18 slaves and 464 acres (188 ha) of land. By then, two of his sons had started families of their own, in the western territory that eventually became the state of Kansas. Clay's children also objected, and Clay reportedly mounted a cannon in his doorway to detour anyone who intended to interfere with the wedding. Clay supported a more gradual legal change, at least in the beginning of career. It threatened to secede from the Union if the Federal government tried to enforce the tariff laws. Clay returned to Ashland with Aaron, Charles and Mary Ann Dupuy. John Brown was a leading figure in the abolitionist movement in the pre-Civil War United States. Rich snippets to dosownie bogate opisy, czyli rozszerzone informacje o stronie. [23][24] After Ali converted to Islam he claimed that his earlier name was a "slave name" and added that "I didn't choose it and I don't want it." He would issue challenges over just about any subject under the sun, from political matters to personal insults to an argument overKentucky bluegrass. Among the witnesses to his execution were Lee and the actor and pro-slavery activist John Wilkes Booth. Before the fateful night at Fords read more, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. The brothers ran, but Cyrus was unlucky;he became the target of Clay's anger. He had invented the pulverizer while still a young man in Mobile in the 1840s. (Booth would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln over the latters decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.). Despite constant threats and attempts on his life, Clay continued speaking out for abolition wherever he could. Clay got his hands on the letter, then almost immediately found the man and beat him within an inch of his life with a hickory stick. 18111847 Henry Clay, Jr., Lt. Col. in the Second Kentucky Regiment, killed in the WebJohn P. Parker (1827 January 30, 1900) was an American abolitionist, inventor, iron moulder and industrialist. They were cousins of both Kentucky politician Henry Clay and Alabama governor Clement Comer Clay. Clay was the first person to lie in state in the United States Capitol. He cut off Brown's ear. Portrait by Matthew Harris Jouett, 1818 Early years[edit] In the summer of 1811, Clay was elected to the United States House of Representatives. During the Civil War, he recruited a few hundred slaves for the Union Army. Underground Railroad Fort Sumter 4. [34], In 1840 Henry Clay finally gave Charlotte and her daughter Mary Ann Dupuy their freedom. Known as the Lion of White Hall - named after the estate and plantation he owned and grew up on - he was also one of the toughest politicians ever to walk the halls of Congress. Clay supported the Greek independence revolutionaries in 1824 who wished to separate from the Ottoman Empire, an early move into European affairs. A founding member of the Republican Party in Kentucky, he was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as the U.S. minister to Russia, where Clay is credited with influencing Russian support for the Union during the American Civil War. Henry Watkins moved the family to Richmond, Virginia. Naval Yard until Union troops could arrive. His arguments against slavery usually were primarily economic in nature, thus appealing to the self-interests of farmers and small slaveholders that, at the time, were feeling the effects of severe economic depression in the tobacco market. Senators, along with Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Robert La Follette, and Robert A. Portrait of Henry Clay After the election of Andrew Jackson, Clay led the opposition to Jackson's policies. This bold move had the intended effect and cemented Ali as a crusader for equality and African American rights, but ironically, the name Cassius Clay was taken from a man who had fought for abolition his entire life. The younger Clay attended Transylvania University and then graduated from Yale College in 1832. Birth of Henry Clay, US Speaker of the House, Senato Baptist Preacher, Baptist Minister, Baptist Minister and farmer. He saved and rescued fugitive slaves for nearly fifteen years. [16], Later, Clay founded the Cuban Charitable Aid Society to help the Cuban independence movement of Jos Mart. The documentary brings this dichotomy into closer focus and provides a good background for discussion about economics and cultural values. By way of satisfaction, Declarey challenged Clay to a duel, likely thinking nothing would come of it. His political opponents hired an enforcer, Sam Brown, to assassinate him publicly at a debate. John Clay was buried near his home in Hanover County, Virgina in an unmarked grave. She is interred with her husband in the vault of his monument at the Lexington Cemetery. He would remarry at the age of 84, the 15 year old orphaned sister of one of his sharecropping tenants. Clay lost by a wide margin to the highly popular Jackson (55% to 37%). [14], Recalled to the United States in 1862 to accept a commission from Lincoln as a major general with the Union Army, Clay publicly refused to accept it unless Lincoln would agree to emancipate slaves under Confederate control. She was a sister to Captain Nathaniel G. S. Hart, who died in the Massacre of the River Raisin in the War of 1812.[12]. Alexander also sent a fleet of ships in the Pacific and Atlantic to the shores of the United States with sealed orders. In 1872, he was one of the organizers of the liberal Republican Revolt. He soon established a reputation for his legal skills and courtroom oratory. But that's not the whole story. Later he changed his position and, when he was seeking the presidency, gave strong support for the Second Bank of the United States. By passing the law, which President James Monroe signed, the U.S. Congress admitted Missouri to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, and Maine as a free read more, English soldier and explorer Captain John Smith was born in Lincolnshire and had an adventurous life as a soldier, pirate, enslaved person, colonist and authorthough many historians question the details of his life. The Brown familys new home of Hudson, Ohio, happened to be a key stop on the Underground Railroad, and Owen Brown became active in the effort to bring former enslaved people to freedom. However, during his time at Yale he attended a speech given by the famous abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. Clay started printing his paper in Cincinnati, Ohio a center for abolitionists. [34][35], The jury ruled against Dupuy, deciding that any agreement with her previous master Condon did not bear on Clay. At this time, he also met Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, activists and abolitionists both, and they became important people in Browns life, reinforcing much of his ideology. When he founded it, Clay reportedly said he was the first to "beard the monster in his den." According to the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the top three electoral vote-getters advanced to the runoff in the House of Representatives. Apparently to keep any possible blood from being spilled in their home state of Kentucky,[26] the chosen dueling ground was in Indiana, directly across the Ohio River from what was then Shippingport, Kentucky and also near the mouth of Silver Creek. Her age varies in the few extant records; the 1900 US Census indicates that she was born in May 1882, suggesting that she may have been as young as 12 when she married Cassius M. Clay. ACTIVITIES Enraged, Clay pulled out his Bowie knife and fought through Brown's allies. He must have assumed he had slain Clay, but he couldn't have been more wrong. Dubbed the Teflon Don read more. His boundless energy brought him close toLincoln, even as his ambition alienated the president. On the "amalgamation" of the black and white races, Clay said that "The God of Nature, by the differences of color and physical constitution, has decreed against it. WebJohn P. Parker (1827 January 30, 1900) was an American abolitionist, inventor, iron moulder and industrialist.Parker, who was African American, helped hundreds of slaves to freedom in the Underground Railroad resistance movement based in Ripley, Ohio.He saved and rescued fugitive slaves for nearly fifteen years. They effectively barricaded themselves inside. On January 29, 1850, Clay proposed a series of resolutions, which he considered to reconcile Northern and Southern interests, what would widely be called the Compromise of 1850. During the fourteen years following his first election, he was re-elected five times to the House and to the speakership. Major-General Cassius Marcellus Clay (October 19, 1810 July 22, 1903) was an American planter, politician, military officer and abolitionist who served as the United States ambassador to Russia from 1863 to 1869. He defended the Kentucky Insurance Company, which he saved from an attempt in 1804 by Felix Grundy to repeal its monopolistic charter. After the war he continued working on the abolitionist cause by opposing the annexation of Texas and opposing the spread of slavery to the Southwest. Clays father, Green Clay, was one of the wealthiest planters and slaveholders in Kentucky. Cassius Marcellus Clay was an American politician and abolitionist. This seemingly kicked off Clay's passionate anti-slavery stance. [5]Childhood[edit] Henry Clay was born on April 12, 1777, at the Clay homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, in a story-and-a-half frame house. Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since. [20], When elected by the legislature, Clay was below the constitutionally required age of thirty. While many of these challenges were likely simple bravadoanddismissed as such, more than a few were answered, and more than a few were fought. Posted on February 5, 2021. With Tubman, whom he called General Tubman, Brown began planning an attack on slaveholders, as well as a United States military armory, at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), using armed freed enslaved people. The anti-abolitionist movement had been sending Clay death threats for years, and attempts had been made on his life in the past, but in 1843, his abolitionist crusading became too much for them. The farm and gravesite are owned by New York State and operated as the John Brown Farm State Historic Site, a National Historic Landmark. To that end, John Browns men stopped a Baltimore & Ohio Railroad train headed for the nations capital. In the meantime, Kansas held elections and voted to be a free state in 1858. Shortly after reinforcing his office, an angry mob of 60 men broke in and destroyed or stole his printing equipment. It was the bloodiest conflict in U.S. history. John Brown, (born May 9, 1800, Torrington, Connecticut, U.S.died December 2, 1859, Charles Town, Virginia [now in West Virginia]), militant American abolitionist The militia attack was able to free several of Browns captives, although eight of the railroad men died in the fighting. Clay's plan to end [3] He held 60 slaves at the peak of operations, and likely produced tobacco and hemp, the two chief commodity crops of the Bluegrass Region. Clay belonged to a generation for whom glory on the battlefieldwas the ultimate achievement. In 1868, Republican Oscar Dunn, the first Black lieutenant governor ever elected, served as acting governor of Louisiana when Gov. The operation began on October 16, 1859, with the planned capture of Colonel Lewis Washington, a distant relative of George Washington, at the formers estate. Lucretia Hart Clay died in 1864 at the age of 83. It had the opposite effect. Clay originally intended the resolutions to be voted on separately, but at the urging of southerners he agreed to the creation of a Committee of Thirteen to consider the measures. [9] Elizabeth had seven more children with Watkins, bearing a total of sixteen. Henry was the seventh of nine children of the Reverend John Clay and Elizabeth (ne Hudson) Clay. A native of Kentucky, Breckinridge began his political career as a state representative before serving in the read more, Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, people were kidnapped from the continent of Africa, forced into slavery in the American colonies and exploited to work in the production of crops such as tobacco and cotton. Over the next several years, Browns efforts in Kansas continued, and two of his sons were captured and a third was killed by pro-slavery settlers. [21][22] This Cassius Clay gave his own son the same name, Cassius M. Clay, Jr., a world heavyweight champion boxer who gained international renown and changed his name to Muhammad Ali after his conversion to Islam. In June of 1845, the True American abolitionist newspaper was founded. President Lincoln gave Clay a presentation Colt revolver in recognition. In the end, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry ended in failure. Slave freedom suit[edit] Main article: Charlotte Dupuy As Secretary of State, Clay lived with his family and slaves in Decatur House on Lafayette Square. Henry Clay Warmoth (R) was injured in 1871. He joined the Republican party in Kentucky and eventually became friends of Abraham Lincoln. John Brown. PBS.org. Clay opposed annexing Texas on the grounds that it would once again bring the issue of slavery to the forefront of the nation's political dialog and would draw the ire of Mexico, from which Texas had declared its independence in 1836. The federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 increased the penalties for such activism. [3] He was influential in the negotiations for the purchase of Alaska. Brown was born on May 9, 1800, in Torrington, Connecticut, the son of Owen and Ruth Mills Brown. John P. Parker School, in Cincinnati, Ohio, is a pre-kindergarten through 6th grade school named after him. Cassius Clay was an early Southern planter who became a prominent anti-slavery crusader. [2] He earned the money through his work in two of Mobile's iron foundries and occasional odd jobs. WebIts editor, Cassius Marcellus Clay, was an outspoken abolitionist from the South (a Whig from Kentucky). A baggage handler at the towns train station was shot in the back and killed when he refused the orders of Browns men. He may have been freed or "given his time" by one of Clay's sons, as Dupuy continued to work at Ashland, for pay. It was during the efforts to stop the train that the first casualty of the raid on Harpers Ferry occurred. A few days after the wedding, Clay returned to Lexington to confront Declarey. [11] As Minister to Russia, Clay witnessed the Tsar's emancipation edict. [12] Emperor Alexander II of Russia gave sealed orders to the commanders of both his Atlantic and Pacific fleets, and sent them to the East and West coasts of the United States. The main issue was the policy of continuing the Second Bank of the United States. In October 1859, the U.S. military arsenal at Harpers Ferry was the target of an assault by an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown (1800-59). However, the younger Brown was shot by the militia and mortally wounded. A few months later, Clay resigned his commission and returned to his post in Russia. Instead, Clay cut off Brown's nose. Clay came to own town lots and the Kentucky Hotel. "[2] Clay was politically incrementalist, supporting gradual legal change rather than calling for immediate abolition the way Garrison and his supporters did. He came from a large political [31], Decatur House in Washington, DC, a National Historic Landmark and museum on Lafayette Square near the White House, has exhibits on urban slavery and Charlotte Dupuy's freedom suit against Henry Clay.[34]. David Wilmot, a Northern congressman, had proposed preventing the extension of slavery into any of the new territory in a proposal referred to as the "Wilmot Proviso".[37]. Skip to main It may be moderate, it may exacerbate. After taking title to him, she allowed him to hire out to earn money, and he purchased his freedom from her for $1,800 in 1845. Clay left the Republican Party in 1869. In 1878 after 45 years of marriage, Clay divorced his wife, Mary Jane (Warfield) Clay, claiming abandonment after she no longer would tolerate his marital infidelities. [27][28][29], They each had three turns. They targeted a group of pro-slavery settlers called the Pottawatomie Rifles. It was an above-average home for a "common" Virginia planter of that time. He immediately appointed members of the War Hawk faction (of which he was the "guiding spirit")[1] to all the important committees, effectively giving him control of the House. The "freedom suit" received a fair amount of attention in the press at the time. [10] Clay's connections to the northern antislavery movement remained strong. His return to the U.S. Senate, after 20 years, 8 months, 7 days out of office, marks the fourth longest gap in service to the chamber in history.[36]. Because of the unusually large number of candidates receiving electoral votes, no candidate secured a majority of votes in the electoral college. Clay declared he would only accept if Lincoln would emancipate slaves under Confederate control. John Jay has a stronger claim on the title of abolitionist founding father than does Alexander Hamilton. WebHenry Clay was an important political leader and public servant in the United States during the nineteenth century. John Browns Harpers Ferry Raid. Battlefields.org. WebAbolitionists, 1780-1865 Lauren Anderson, Harvard College Class of 2021, Social Studies On March 16, 1827, the Black abolitionists Reverend Samuel E. Cornish and John Brown Russwurm set out on a task: to plead our own cause. This phrase became the opening statement of Freedoms Journal, an abolitionist newspaper owned by the two publishers. Henry Clay helped establish and became president in 1816 of the American Colonization Society, a group that wanted to establish a colony for free American blacks in Africa; it founded Monrovia, in what became Liberia, for that purpose. States with sealed orders monument at the Lexington Cemetery Speaker of the Republican... Was 15 to 16 years old use this part of Geni Jackson ( 55 % to 37 % ) free. Baptist Minister and farmer politician and abolitionist Abraham Lincoln over the latters decision issue. Reputation as a rebel and a fighter first casualty of the Whig Party [ edit ] to issue the Proclamation... In the 1840s ) married John Speed Smith, who also became more with! Ferry ended in failure European affairs northern antislavery movement remained strong Torrington, Connecticut, where attended... 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